Tolosa Josefa, Rodríguez-Carrasco Yelko, Graziani Giulia, Gaspari Anna, Ferrer Emilia, Mañes Jordi, Ritieni Alberto
Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent A. Estellés, s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
Department of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
Toxins (Basel). 2021 Apr 25;13(5):305. doi: 10.3390/toxins13050305.
Celiac disease (CD) is a genetic-based autoimmune disorder which is characterized by inflammation in the small intestinal mucosa due to the intolerance to gluten. Celiac people should consume products without gluten, which are elaborated mainly with maize or other cereals. Contamination of cereals with mycotoxins, such as fumonisins (FBs) and aflatoxins (AFs) is frequently reported worldwide. Therefore, food ingestion is the main source of mycotoxin exposure. A new analytical method was developed and validated for simultaneous analysis of 21 mycotoxins in gluten-free pasta, commonly consumed by celiac population as an alternative to conventional pasta. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS) was used for analyte separation and detection. The mycotoxins included in this work were those widely reported to occur in cereal samples, namely, ochratoxin-A (OTA), aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), zearalenone (ZON), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-AcDON and 15-AcDON, respectively), nivalenol (NIV), neosolaniol (NEO), fusarenone-X, (FUS-X), T-2 toxin (T-2) and HT-2 toxin (HT-2), fumonisin B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2, respectively), enniatins (ENN A, ENN A1, ENN B and ENN B1) and beauvericin (BEA). The validated method was successfully applied to 84 gluten-free pasta samples collected from several local markets of Campania region (Italy) during September to November 2020 to monitor the occurrence of mycotoxins and to assess the exposure to these food contaminants. A significant number of samples (95%) showed mycotoxin contamination, being mycotoxins (FB1, ZON and DON) the most commonly detected ones. Regarding the risk assessment, the higher exposures were obtained for NIV, DON and FB1 for children and teenagers age group which can be explained due to their lower body weight.
乳糜泻（CD）是一种基于遗传的自身免疫性疾病，其特征是由于对麸质不耐受导致小肠黏膜发炎。乳糜泻患者应食用不含麸质的产品，这些产品主要由玉米或其他谷物制成。全世界经常报道谷物被霉菌毒素污染，如伏马毒素（FBs）和黄曲霉毒素（AFs）。因此，食物摄入是霉菌毒素暴露的主要来源。开发并验证了一种新的分析方法，用于同时分析无麸质面食中的21种霉菌毒素，无麸质面食是乳糜泻人群通常食用的，可替代传统面食。采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆轨道阱高分辨率质谱联用仪（UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS）进行分析物的分离和检测。本研究中包含的霉菌毒素是那些在谷物样品中广泛报道存在的，即赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）、黄曲霉毒素（AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZON）、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、3-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和15-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（分别为3-AcDON和15-AcDON）、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（NIV）、新茄病镰刀菌烯醇（NEO）、镰刀菌烯酮-X（FUS-X）、T-2毒素（T-2）和HT-2毒素（HT-2）、伏马毒素B1和B2（分别为FB1和FB2）、恩镰孢菌素（ENN A、ENN A1、ENN B和ENN B1）和白僵菌素（BEA）。该验证方法成功应用于2020年9月至11月从意大利坎帕尼亚地区几个当地市场收集的84份无麸质面食样品，以监测霉菌毒素的存在情况并评估对这些食品污染物的暴露情况。大量样品（95%）显示有霉菌毒素污染，其中霉菌毒素（FB1、ZON和DON）是最常检测到的。关于风险评估，儿童和青少年年龄组的NIV、DON和FB1暴露量较高，这可以因其体重较低来解释。
