College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
Mol Cells. 2021 May 31;44(5):318-327. doi: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0057.
CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play a crucial role in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses through the differentiation of Th precursor cells into several subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Effector Th and Treg cells are distinguished by the production of signature cytokines and are important for eliminating intracellular and extracellular pathogens and maintaining immune homeostasis. Stimulation of naïve Th cells by T cell receptor and specific cytokines activates master transcription factors and induces lineage specification during the differentiation of Th cells. The master transcription factors directly activate the transcription of signature cytokine genes and also undergo post-translational modifications to fine-tune cytokine production and maintain immune balance through cross-regulation with each other. This review highlights the post-translational modifications of master transcription factors that control the differentiation of effector Th and Treg cells and provides additional insights on the immune regulation mediated by protein arginine-modifying enzymes in effector Th cells.
CD4+ T 辅助（Th）细胞通过 Th 前体细胞分化为几个亚群，包括 Th1、Th2、Th17 和调节性 T（Treg）细胞，在调节先天和适应性免疫反应中发挥着关键作用。效应 Th 和 Treg 细胞通过产生特征细胞因子来区分，对于消除细胞内和细胞外病原体以及维持免疫稳态非常重要。T 细胞受体和特定细胞因子刺激初始 Th 细胞激活主转录因子，并在 Th 细胞分化过程中诱导谱系特异性。主转录因子直接激活特征细胞因子基因的转录，并且还通过与彼此的交叉调节进行翻译后修饰，以微调细胞因子的产生并维持免疫平衡。本综述强调了控制效应 Th 和 Treg 细胞分化的主转录因子的翻译后修饰，并提供了关于效应 Th 细胞中蛋白精氨酸修饰酶介导的免疫调节的更多见解。
