Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Curr Biol. 2021 May 24;31(10):R633-R650. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.024.
The development and proper function of the brain requires the formation of highly complex neuronal circuitry. These circuits are shaped from synaptic connections between neurons and must be maintained over a lifetime. The formation and continued maintenance of synapses requires accurate trafficking of presynaptic and postsynaptic components along the axon and dendrite, respectively, necessitating deliberate and specialized delivery strategies to replenish essential synaptic components. Maintenance of synaptic transmission also requires readily accessible energy stores, produced in part by localized mitochondria, that are tightly regulated with activity level. In this review, we focus on recent developments in our understanding of the cytoskeletal environment of axons and dendrites, examining how local regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and organelle trafficking promotes synapse-specific delivery and plasticity. These new insights shed light on the complex and coordinated role that cytoskeletal elements play in establishing and maintaining neuronal circuitry.
大脑的发育和正常功能需要形成高度复杂的神经元回路。这些回路是由神经元之间的突触连接形成的，并且必须在一生中得到维持。突触的形成和持续维持需要沿着轴突和树突分别准确地运输突触前和突触后成分，这需要精心设计和专门的递药策略来补充必需的突触成分。突触传递的维持还需要可随时获得的能量储存，部分由局部线粒体产生，其活性水平受到严格调节。在这篇综述中，我们专注于我们对轴突和树突细胞骨架环境理解的最新进展，研究了细胞骨架动力学和细胞器运输的局部调节如何促进突触特异性递药和可塑性。这些新的见解揭示了细胞骨架元素在建立和维持神经元回路中所起的复杂而协调的作用。
