Department of Food Technology Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3006, Tanzania.
Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
Nutrients. 2021 May 8;13(5):1576. doi: 10.3390/nu13051576.
Inadequate macro- and micronutrient nutrition and its consequences, such as anaemia, iron and vitamin deficiency, and growth retardation, could particularly affect children of small-scale farmers. In the present cross-sectional study, 666 school children aged 5-10 years from villages of Chamwino and Kilosa districts were studied for associations between nutritional and micronutrient status and dietary intake. The overall prevalence of stunting, underweight, and overweight was 28.1, 14.4, and 5%, while that of anaemia and deficiency of iron (ID), vitamin A (VAD), and zinc (ZnD) was 42.9, 29.3, 24.9, and 26.4%, respectively. Dietary recalls (24h) revealed that, except of iron (74%), only small proportions of children reached the recommended daily micronutrient intakes: 4% for zinc, 19% for vitamin A, and 14-46% for B vitamins. Stunting was highly associated with wasting in both districts and with VAD in Chamwino. Anaemia was predicted by ID, VAD, and ZnD in Chamwino and by elevated infection markers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and α-1 glycoprotein (AGP), in Kilosa. Overall, elevated CRP and/or AGP increased the risk while higher serum carotenoids indicating a diet of more fruit and vegetables reduced the risk of VAD. The significantly lower prevalence of anaemia and ID in Chamwino was related to higher iron and vitamin A intake and the consumption of mainly bulrush millet with dark green leafy vegetables compared to maize or rice with legumes in Kilosa. Nutrition and hygiene education integrated with home and school garden programmes could reduce the multiple burdens of anaemia; micronutrient deficiencies and infections; and, in the long term, the prevalence of stunting.
营养不足，包括宏量营养素和微量营养素，以及由此导致的贫血、缺铁和维生素缺乏以及生长迟缓等问题，可能会特别影响小农的子女。在本横断面研究中，研究了来自 Chamwino 和 Kilosa 区村庄的 666 名 5-10 岁学童，以研究营养和微量营养素状况与饮食摄入之间的关联。发育迟缓、体重不足和超重的总患病率分别为 28.1%、14.4%和 5%，贫血和缺铁（ID）、维生素 A（VAD）和锌（ZnD）缺乏的患病率分别为 42.9%、29.3%、24.9%和 26.4%。24 小时饮食回忆显示，除铁（74%）外，只有一小部分儿童达到了推荐的每日微量营养素摄入量：锌 4%、维生素 A 19%、B 族维生素 14-46%。发育迟缓与两个地区的消瘦以及 Chamwino 的 VAD 高度相关。贫血由 ID、VAD 和 ZnD 在 Chamwino 和由升高的感染标志物 C 反应蛋白（CRP）和α-1 糖蛋白（AGP）在 Kilosa 预测。总体而言，CRP 和/或 AGP 升高会增加风险，而血清类胡萝卜素升高表明摄入更多水果和蔬菜的饮食会降低 VAD 的风险。Chamwino 贫血和 ID 的患病率显著降低与铁和维生素 A 摄入较高以及主要食用富含绿叶蔬菜的芦粟有关，而 Kilosa 主要食用玉米或大米与豆类搭配。将营养和卫生教育与家庭和学校花园计划相结合，可以减少贫血；多种微量营养素缺乏和感染；从长远来看，还可以降低发育迟缓的患病率。
