Arribalzaga Soledad, Viribay Aitor, Calleja-González Julio, Fernández-Lázaro Diego, Castañeda-Babarro Arkaitz, Mielgo-Ayuso Juan
Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Physiotherapy Department, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain.
Glut4Science, Physiology, Nutrition and Sport, 01004 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 May 27;18(11):5737. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18115737.
Due to the high metabolic and physical demands in single-stage one-day ultra-trail (SOUT) races, athletes should be properly prepared in both physical and nutritional aspects in order to delay fatigue and avoid associated difficulties. However, high carbohydrate (CHO) intake would seem to increase gastrointestinal (GI) problems. The main purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate CHO intake during SOUT events as well as its relationship with fatigue (in terms of internal exercise load, exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and post-exercise recovery) and GI problems. A structured search was carried out in accordance with PRISMA guidelines in the following: Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases up to 16 March 2021. After conducting the search and applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, eight articles in total were included in this systematic review, in all of which CHO intake involved gels, energy bars and sports drinks. Two studies associated higher CHO consumption (120 g/h) with an improvement in internal exercise load. Likewise, these studies observed that SOUT runners whose intake was 120 g/h could benefit by limiting the EIMD observed by CK (creatine kinase), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) and GOT (aspartate aminotransferase), and also improve recovery of high intensity running capacity 24 h after a trail marathon. In six studies, athletes had GI symptoms between 65-82%. In summary, most of the runners did not meet CHO intake standard recommendations for SOUT events (90 g/h), while athletes who consumed more CHO experienced a reduction in internal exercise load, limited EIMD and improvement in post-exercise recovery. Conversely, the GI symptoms were recurrent in SOUT athletes depending on altitude, environmental conditions and running speed. Therefore, a high CHO intake during SOUT events is important to delay fatigue and avoid GI complications, and to ensure high intake, it is necessary to implement intestinal training protocols.
由于单日超长跑（SOUT）比赛对代谢和体能要求很高，运动员应在身体和营养方面做好充分准备，以延缓疲劳并避免相关问题。然而，高碳水化合物（CHO）摄入似乎会增加胃肠道（GI）问题。本系统评价的主要目的是评估SOUT赛事期间的CHO摄入量及其与疲劳（以内在运动负荷、运动诱导的肌肉损伤（EIMD）和运动后恢复衡量）以及GI问题之间的关系。按照PRISMA指南，于2021年3月16日前在以下数据库进行了结构化检索：科学网、考克兰图书馆和Scopus数据库。在进行检索并应用纳入/排除标准后，本系统评价共纳入了8篇文章，所有文章中的CHO摄入均涉及凝胶、能量棒和运动饮料。两项研究将较高的CHO摄入量（120克/小时）与内在运动负荷的改善联系起来。同样，这些研究观察到，摄入量为120克/小时的SOUT跑步者可通过限制肌酸激酶（CK）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和谷草转氨酶（GOT）所观察到的EIMD而获益，并且还能改善越野马拉松赛后24小时高强度跑步能力的恢复。在六项研究中，65% - 82%的运动员出现了GI症状。总之，大多数跑步者未达到SOUT赛事的CHO摄入标准建议量（90克/小时），而摄入较多CHO的运动员内在运动负荷降低、EIMD得到限制且运动后恢复得到改善。相反，SOUT运动员的GI症状会因海拔、环境条件和跑步速度而反复出现。因此，SOUT赛事期间高CHO摄入对于延缓疲劳和避免GI并发症很重要，为确保高摄入量，有必要实施肠道训练方案。
