Ibrahim Doaa, Moustafa Amira, Shahin Sara E, Sherief Wafaa R I A, Abdallah Karima, Farag Mohamed F M, Nassan Mohamed A, Ibrahim Seham M
Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
Front Vet Sci. 2021 May 28;8:644325. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.644325. eCollection 2021.
The use of dried olive pomace as complementary energy sources in poultry feed is still limited due to its low protein and high fiber contents. Bioconversion of olive pomace through solid-state fermentation with or without exogenous enzymes is considered as a trial for improving its nutritional value. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fermented olive pomace with or without enzymatic treatment on the growth, modulations of genes encoding digestive enzymes and glucose transporters, meat oxidative stability, and economic efficiency of broiler chickens. A total of 1400 day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to seven dietary treatments with 10 replicates of 20 birds/replicate. Treatments included control (basal corn-soybean diet) and other six treatments in which basal diet was replaced by three levels (7.5, 15, and 30%) of fermented olive pomace (FOPI) or enzymatically fermented olive pomace (FOPII) for 42 days. The highest body weight gain was observed in groups fed 7.5 and 15% FOPII (increased by 6.6 and 12.5%, respectively, when compared with the control group). Also, feeding on 7.5 and 15% FOPII yielded a better feed conversion ratio and improved the digestibility of crude protein, fat, and crude fiber. The expression of the gene was upregulated in groups fed FOPI and FOPII when compared with the control group. Moreover, the expression of the gene was elevated in groups fed 7.5 and 15% FOPII. By increasing the levels of FOPI and FOPII in diets, the expression of genes encoding pancreatic , and was upregulated ( < 0.05) when compared with the control. Fat percentage and cholesterol content in breast meat were significantly reduced ( < 0.05) by nearly 13.7 and 16.7% in groups fed FOPI and FOPII at the levels of 15 and 30%. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in breast meat were significantly increased in groups fed 15 and 30% FOPI and FOPII when compared with the control group and even after a long period of frozen storage. After 180 days of frozen storage, the inclusion of high levels of FOP significantly increased ( < 0.05) the levels of glutathione peroxide and total superoxide dismutase and meat ability to scavenge free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. Furthermore, the highest net profit and profitability ratio and the lowest cost feed/kg body gain were achieved in groups fed 7.5 and 15% of FOPII, respectively. The results of this study indicated that dietary inclusion of 15% FOPII could enhance the growth performance and economic efficiency of broiler chickens. Moreover, a higher inclusion level of FOPI or FOPII could enhance the quality and increase the oxidative stability of frozen meat and extend the storage time.
由于干橄榄渣蛋白质含量低且纤维含量高,其在家禽饲料中作为补充能量来源的应用仍然有限。通过固态发酵(有无外源酶)对橄榄渣进行生物转化被视为提高其营养价值的一种尝试。本研究旨在评估经酶处理和未经酶处理的发酵橄榄渣对肉鸡生长、消化酶和葡萄糖转运蛋白编码基因的调控、肉的氧化稳定性以及经济效益的影响。总共1400只1日龄的罗斯308肉鸡随机分配到7种日粮处理组,每组10个重复,每个重复20只鸡。处理组包括对照组(基础玉米 - 大豆日粮)和其他6个处理组,其中基础日粮分别被3个水平(7.5%、15%和30%)的发酵橄榄渣(FOPI)或酶解发酵橄榄渣(FOPII)替代,为期42天。在饲喂7.5%和15% FOPII的组中观察到最高的体重增加(与对照组相比分别增加了6.6%和12.5%)。此外,饲喂7.5%和15% FOPII还产生了更好的饲料转化率,并提高了粗蛋白、脂肪和粗纤维的消化率。与对照组相比,在饲喂FOPI和FOPII的组中该基因的表达上调。此外,在饲喂7.5%和15% FOPII的组中该基因的表达升高。通过提高日粮中FOPI和FOPII的水平,与对照组相比,编码胰腺、和的基因表达上调(<0.05)。在15%和30%水平的FOPI和FOPII处理组中,胸肉中的脂肪百分比和胆固醇含量显著降低(<0.05),分别降低了近13.7%和16.7%。与对照组相比,在饲喂15%和30% FOPI和FOPII的组中,胸肉中的总酚和黄酮含量显著增加,甚至在长期冷冻储存后也是如此。冷冻储存180天后,添加高水平的FOP显著增加了(<0.05)谷胱甘肽过氧化物和总超氧化物歧化酶的水平以及肉清除自由基1,1 - 二苯基 - 2 - 苦基肼的能力。此外,在饲喂7.5%和15% FOPII的组中分别实现了最高的净利润和利润率以及最低的每千克体重增重饲料成本。本研究结果表明,日粮中添加15% FOPII可提高肉鸡的生长性能和经济效益。此外,更高水平的FOPI或FOPII添加量可提高冷冻肉的品质并增加其氧化稳定性,延长储存时间。