College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
Chemosphere. 2022 Jan;286(Pt 1):131635. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131635. Epub 2021 Jul 23.
Composting is a biodegradation and transformation process that converts lignocellulosic biomass into value-added products, such as humic substances (HSs). However, the recalcitrant nature of lignocellulose hinders the utilization of cellulose and hemicellulose, decreasing the bioconversion efficiency of lignocellulose. Pretreatment is an essential step to disrupt the structure of lignocellulosic biomass. Many pretreatment methods for composting may cause microbial inactivation and death. Thus, the pretreatment methods suitable for composting can promote the degradation and transformation of lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, this review summarizes the pretreatment methods suitable for composting. Microbial consortium pretreatment, Fenton pretreatment and surfactant-assisted pretreatment for composting may improve the bioconversion process. Microbial consortium pretreatment is a cost-effective pretreatment method to enhance HSs yields during composting. On the other hand, the efficiency of enzyme production during composting is very important for the degradation of lignocellulose, whose action mechanism is unknown. Therefore, this review describes the mechanism of action of lignocellulase, the predominant microbes producing lignocellulase and their related genes. Finally, optimizing pretreatment conditions and increasing enzymatic hydrolysis to improve the quality of composts by controlling suitable microenvironmental factors and core target microbial activities as a research focus in the bioconversion of lignocellulose during composting in the future.
堆肥是一种将木质纤维素生物质转化为增值产品（如腐殖质）的生物降解和转化过程。然而，木质纤维素的难降解性质阻碍了纤维素和半纤维素的利用，降低了木质纤维素的生物转化效率。预处理是破坏木质纤维素生物质结构的重要步骤。许多堆肥的预处理方法可能会导致微生物失活和死亡。因此，适合堆肥的预处理方法可以促进木质纤维素生物质的降解和转化。因此，本综述总结了适合堆肥的预处理方法。微生物联合体预处理、芬顿预处理和表面活性剂辅助预处理可促进堆肥过程中木质纤维素的降解和转化。微生物联合体预处理是一种具有成本效益的预处理方法，可提高堆肥过程中腐殖质的产量。另一方面，酶在堆肥过程中的生产效率对木质纤维素的降解非常重要，但其作用机制尚不清楚。因此，本综述描述了木质纤维素酶的作用机制、主要产生木质纤维素酶的微生物及其相关基因。最后，优化预处理条件和增加酶解，通过控制合适的微环境因素和核心目标微生物活性，提高堆肥的质量，作为未来堆肥过程中木质纤维素生物转化的研究重点。
