Institute of Life and Earth Science (Including Health and Agriculture), Pan African University, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Slum and Rural Health Initiative Network, Research and Collaboration Department, SRHIN/Africa, Ibadan, Nigeria.
PLoS One. 2021 Aug 5;16(8):e0255723. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255723. eCollection 2021.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) refers to any behavior by either a current or ex-intimate partner or would-be rejected lover that causes physical, sexual, or psychological harm. It is the most common form of violence in women's lives. According to a World Health Organization report, about 1 in 3 women worldwide experience at least one form of IPV from an intimate partner at some point in her life. In the Gambia, about 62% of pregnant women experience at least one form of violence from an intimate partner. IPV has severe physical and mental health consequences on a woman ranging from minor bodily injury to death. It also increases the risk of low birth weight, premature delivery, and neonatal death.
A health facility-based cross-sectional study design was carried out to assess the magnitude and factors associated with intimate partner violence among pregnant women seeking antenatal care in the rural Gambia. The study enrolled 373 pregnant women, and a multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the respondents. An interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to obtain information from the study participants. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS Ver.22. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine the association between dependent and independent variables. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) was computed to determine the presence and strength of associated factors with IPV.
The study reveals that the prevalence of IPV in The Gambia is 67%, with psychological violence (43%) being the most common form of IPV reported by the respondents. The multivariate logistic regression result reveals that being aged 35 years or older [AOR 5.1(95% CI 1.5-17.8)], the experience of parents quarreling during childhood [AOR 1.7(95% CI 1.0-2.75)], and having cigarette smoking partners [AOR 2.3 (95% CI 1.10-4.6)] were significantly associated with IPV during pregnancy.
This study has demonstrated that all forms of IPV in rural Gambia are frequent. Women older than 35 years, had experienced parents quarreling, had a partner who smoked, and a partner who fight with others were more likely report IPV compared to other pregnant women in the study. We recommend that IPV screening should be included as an integral part of routine antenatal care services in The Gambia. Community-based interventions that include indigenous leaders, religious leaders, and other key stakeholders are crucial to create awareness on all forms of IPV and address the risk factors found to influence the occurrence of IPV in rural Gambia.
亲密伴侣暴力（IPV）是指当前或前任亲密伴侣或潜在被拒绝的爱人的任何行为，这些行为会导致身体、性或心理伤害。它是女性生活中最常见的暴力形式。根据世界卫生组织的一份报告，全球约有 1/3 的女性在其一生中至少经历过一种来自亲密伴侣的 IPV。在冈比亚，约 62%的孕妇在怀孕期间至少经历过一种来自亲密伴侣的暴力。IPV 会对女性的身心健康造成严重影响，从轻微的身体伤害到死亡不等。它还会增加低出生体重、早产和新生儿死亡的风险。
本研究采用基于卫生机构的横断面研究设计，评估冈比亚农村地区寻求产前护理的孕妇中亲密伴侣暴力的发生情况和相关因素。该研究共纳入 373 名孕妇，采用多阶段抽样技术选择受访者。使用访谈者管理的结构化问卷从研究参与者处获取信息。使用 SPSS Ver.22 对收集的数据进行分析。使用二变量和多变量逻辑回归来确定因变量和自变量之间的关联。使用比值比和 95%置信区间（CI）来确定与 IPV 相关的因素的存在和强度。
本研究显示，冈比亚的 IPV 发生率为 67%，受访者报告的最常见形式是心理暴力（43%）。多变量逻辑回归结果显示，年龄在 35 岁及以上（AOR 5.1（95% CI 1.5-17.8））、童年时期父母争吵的经历（AOR 1.7（95% CI 1.0-2.75））和有吸烟伴侣（AOR 2.3（95% CI 1.10-4.6））与怀孕期间的 IPV 显著相关。
本研究表明，冈比亚农村地区的所有形式的 IPV 都很普遍。与其他研究中的孕妇相比，年龄在 35 岁以上、经历过父母争吵、有吸烟伴侣和与他人打架的伴侣更有可能报告 IPV。我们建议将 IPV 筛查作为冈比亚常规产前保健服务的一个组成部分。以社区为基础的干预措施，包括土著领导人、宗教领袖和其他利益攸关方，对于提高对所有形式的 IPV 的认识以及解决影响冈比亚农村地区 IPV 发生的风险因素至关重要。
