van Oosterwijk Jolieke G, Wikel Stephen K
US Biologic Inc., 20 Dudley Street, Memphis, TN 38103, USA.
Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT 06518, USA.
Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Jul 2;9(7):725. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9070725.
The medical and veterinary public health importance of ticks and tick-borne pathogens is increasing due to the expansion of the geographic ranges of both ticks and pathogens, increasing tick populations, growing incidence of tick-borne diseases, emerging tick transmitted pathogens, and continued challenges of achieving effective and sustained tick control. The past decades show an increasing interest in the immune-mediated control of tick infestations and pathogen transmission through the use of vaccines. Bovine tick resistance induced by repeated infestations was reported over a century ago. This review addresses the phenomena and immunological underpinning of resistance to tick infestation by livestock and laboratory animals; the scope of tick countermeasures to host immune defenses; and the impact of genomics, functional genomics, and proteomics on dissecting complex tick-host-pathogen interactions. From early studies utilizing tick tissue extracts to salivary gland derived molecules and components of physiologically important pathways in tick gut and other tissues, an increased understanding of these relationships, over time, impacted the evolution of anti-tick vaccine antigen selection. Novel antigens continue to emerge, including increased interest in the tick microbiome. Anti-tick and transmission blocking vaccines targeting pathogen reservoirs have the potential to disrupt enzootic cycles and reduce human, companion, domestic animal, and wildlife exposure to infected ticks.
蜱虫及蜱传病原体对医学和兽医公共卫生的重要性日益增加，这是由于蜱虫和病原体的地理分布范围不断扩大、蜱虫数量增加、蜱传疾病发病率上升、新出现的蜱传病原体以及在实现有效且持续的蜱虫控制方面持续面临挑战。在过去几十年中，人们对通过使用疫苗进行免疫介导的蜱虫感染控制和病原体传播的兴趣与日俱增。一个多世纪前就有关于反复感染诱导牛蜱抗性的报道。本综述探讨了家畜和实验动物对蜱虫感染产生抗性的现象及免疫学基础；蜱虫应对宿主免疫防御的措施范围；以及基因组学、功能基因组学和蛋白质组学在剖析复杂的蜱虫-宿主-病原体相互作用方面的影响。从早期利用蜱虫组织提取物到唾液腺衍生分子以及蜱虫肠道和其他组织中生理重要途径的成分的研究开始，随着时间的推移，对这些关系的深入理解影响了抗蜱疫苗抗原选择的演变。新的抗原不断涌现，包括对蜱虫微生物群的兴趣增加。针对病原体宿主的抗蜱和传播阻断疫苗有可能破坏动物疫病循环，并减少人类、伴侣动物、家畜和野生动物接触受感染蜱虫的机会。
