Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.
Front Immunol. 2021 Sep 10;12:746235. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.746235. eCollection 2021.
Archaea are prokaryotic organisms that were classified as a new domain in 1990. Archaeal cellular components and metabolites have found various applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Some archaeal lipids can be used to produce archaeosomes, a new family of liposomes that exhibit high stability to temperatures, pH and oxidative conditions. Additionally, archaeosomes can be efficient antigen carriers and adjuvants promoting humoral and cellular immune responses. Some archaea produce gas vesicles, which are nanoparticles released by the archaea that increase the buoyancy of the cells and facilitate an upward flotation in water columns. Purified gas vesicles display a great potential for bioengineering, due to their high stability, immunostimulatory properties and uptake across cell membranes. Both archaeosomes and archaeal gas vesicles are attractive tools for the development of novel drug and vaccine carriers to control various diseases. In this review we discuss the current knowledge on production, preparation methods and potential applications of archaeosomes and gas vesicles as carriers for vaccines. We give an overview of the traditional structures of these carriers and their modifications. A comparative analysis of both vaccine delivery systems, including their advantages and limitations of their use, is provided. Gas vesicle- and archaeosome-based vaccines may be powerful next-generation tools for the prevention and treatment of a wide variety of infectious and non-infectious diseases.
古菌是原核生物，于 1990 年被分类为一个新的领域。古菌的细胞成分和代谢物在制药行业有多种应用。一些古菌脂质可以用来生产 archaeosomes，这是一类新的脂质体，对温度、pH 和氧化条件具有很高的稳定性。此外，archaeosomes 可以作为有效的抗原载体和佐剂，促进体液和细胞免疫反应。一些古菌产生气泡，这是由古菌释放的纳米颗粒，可以增加细胞的浮力，促进在水柱中的向上漂浮。由于其高稳定性、免疫刺激特性和跨细胞膜摄取能力，纯化的气泡显示出巨大的生物工程潜力。archaeosomes 和古菌气泡都是开发新型药物和疫苗载体以控制各种疾病的有吸引力的工具。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了 archaeosomes 和 gas vesicles 作为疫苗载体的生产、制备方法和潜在应用的最新知识。我们概述了这些载体的传统结构及其修饰。对这两种疫苗输送系统进行了比较分析，包括它们的优点和使用限制。基于气泡和 archaeosome 的疫苗可能是预防和治疗各种传染性和非传染性疾病的下一代强大工具。
