Institute for Policy Research and Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA; email:
Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2022 Jan 4;73:599-628. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-033020-122814. Epub 2021 Sep 27.
Health disparities by socioeconomic status (SES) have been extensively documented, but less is known about the physical health implications of achieving upward mobility. This article critically reviews the evolving literature in this area, concluding that upward mobility is associated with a trade-off, whereby economic success and positive mental health in adulthood can come at the expense of physical health, a pattern termed skin-deep resilience. We consider explanations for this phenomenon, including prolonged high striving, competing demands between the environments upwardly mobile individuals seek to enter and their environments of origin, cultural mismatches between adaptive strategies from their childhood environments and those that are valued in higher-SES environments, and the sense of alienation, lack of belonging, and discrimination that upwardly mobile individuals face as they move into spaces set up by and for high-SES groups. These stressors are hypothesized to lead to unhealthy behaviors and a dysregulation of biological systems, with implications for cardiometabolic health.
健康不平等现象在社会经济地位（SES）方面已经得到了广泛的记录，但对于向上流动对身体健康的影响知之甚少。本文批判性地回顾了这一领域不断发展的文献，得出的结论是，向上流动伴随着一种权衡，即成年人的经济成功和积极的心理健康可能以牺牲身体健康为代价，这种模式被称为表面韧性。我们考虑了这种现象的解释，包括长期的高奋斗、向上流动的个人试图进入的环境与他们的原籍环境之间的竞争需求、他们童年环境中的适应策略与在较高 SES 环境中被重视的策略之间的文化不匹配，以及向上流动的个人在进入为高 SES 群体设立的空间时所面临的异化、归属感缺失和歧视感。这些压力源被假设会导致不健康的行为和生物系统失调，对心血管代谢健康产生影响。
