Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021 Nov;105(21-22):8157-8193. doi: 10.1007/s00253-021-11597-0. Epub 2021 Oct 9.
Quinones represent an important group of highly structurally diverse, mainly polyketide-derived secondary metabolites widely distributed among filamentous fungi. Many quinones have been reported to have important biological functions such as inhibition of bacteria or repression of the immune response in insects. Other quinones, such as ubiquinones are known to be essential molecules in cellular respiration, and many quinones are known to protect their producing organisms from exposure to sunlight. Most recently, quinones have also attracted a lot of industrial interest since their electron-donating and -accepting properties make them good candidates as electrolytes in redox flow batteries, like their often highly conjugated double bond systems make them attractive as pigments. On an industrial level, quinones are mainly synthesized from raw components in coal tar. However, the possibility of producing quinones by fungal cultivation has great prospects since fungi can often be grown in industrially scaled bioreactors, producing valuable metabolites on cheap substrates. In order to give a better overview of the secondary metabolite quinones produced by and shared between various fungi, mainly belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Fusarium, and Arthrinium, this review categorizes quinones into families such as emodins, fumigatins, sorbicillinoids, yanuthones, and xanthomegnins, depending on structural similarities and information about the biosynthetic pathway from which they are derived, whenever applicable. The production of these quinone families is compared between the different genera, based on recently revised taxonomy. KEY POINTS: • Quinones represent an important group of secondary metabolites widely distributed in important fungal genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Fusarium, and Arthrinium. • Quinones are of industrial interest and can be used in pharmacology, as colorants and pigments, and as electrolytes in redox flow batteries. • Quinones are grouped into families and compared between genera according to the revised taxonomy.
醌类代表了一大类高度结构多样的、主要来源于聚酮的次生代谢物，广泛分布于丝状真菌中。许多醌类化合物已被报道具有重要的生物学功能，如抑制细菌或抑制昆虫的免疫反应。其他醌类化合物，如泛醌，已知是细胞呼吸中必不可少的分子，许多醌类化合物已知可以保护其产生的生物免受阳光的照射。最近，醌类化合物也引起了很多工业界的兴趣，因为它们的供电子和受电子性质使它们成为氧化还原流电池电解质的良好候选物，而它们通常高度共轭的双键系统使它们成为有吸引力的颜料。在工业水平上，醌类化合物主要是从煤焦油中的原始成分合成的。然而，通过真菌培养生产醌类化合物的可能性很大，因为真菌通常可以在工业规模的生物反应器中生长，利用廉价的基质生产有价值的代谢物。为了更好地概述各种真菌（主要属于曲霉属、青霉属、拟青霉属、镰刀菌属和节丛孢属）产生的次生代谢物醌类，根据结构相似性和它们衍生的生物合成途径的信息，本综述将醌类分为大黄素类、拟青霉烯类、梭菌素类、yanuthones 和黄烷酮类等家族。根据最近修订的分类学，比较了不同属中这些醌类家族的产生情况。 关键点： • 醌类代表了一大类广泛分布于曲霉属、青霉属、拟青霉属、镰刀菌属和节丛孢属等重要真菌属中的次生代谢物。 • 醌类化合物具有工业价值，可用于药理学、作为着色剂和颜料，以及作为氧化还原流电池中的电解质。 • 根据修订的分类学，醌类被分为不同的家族，并在属之间进行比较。
