Bayeh Rebeca, Yampolsky Maya A, Ryder Andrew G
Culture, Health, and Personality Lab and Centre for Clinical Research in Health, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
School of Psychology, Université Laval, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Front Psychol. 2021 Sep 23;12:648086. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648086. eCollection 2021.
Over the course of the year 2020, the global scientific community dedicated considerable effort to understanding COVID-19. In this review, we discuss some of the findings accumulated between the onset of the pandemic and the end of 2020, and argue that although COVID-19 is clearly a biological disease tied to a specific virus, the culture-mind relation at the heart of cultural psychology is nonetheless essential to understanding the pandemic. Striking differences have been observed in terms of relative mortality, transmission rates, behavioral responses, official policies, compliance with authorities, and even the extent to which beliefs about COVID-19 have been politicized across different societies and groups. Moreover, many minority groups have very different experiences of the pandemic relative to dominant groups, notably through existing health inequities as well as discrimination and marginalization, which we believe calls for a better integration of political and socioeconomic factors into cultural psychology and into the narrative of health and illness in psychological science more broadly. Finally, individual differences in, for example, intolerance of uncertainty, optimism, conspiratorial thinking, or collectivist orientation are influenced by cultural context, with implications for behaviors that are relevant to the spread and impact of COVID-19, such as mask-wearing and social distancing. The interplay between cultural context and the experience and expression of mental disorders continues to be documented by cultural-clinical psychology; the current work extends this thinking to infectious disease, with special attention to diseases spread by social contact and fought at least in part through social interventions. We will discuss cultural influences on the transmission, course, and outcome of COVID-19 at three levels: (1) cross-society differences; (2) within-society communities and intergroup relations; and (3) individual differences shaped by cultural context. We conclude by considering potential theoretical implications of this perspective on infectious disease for cultural psychology and related disciplines, as well as practical implications of this perspective on science communication and public health interventions.
在2020年这一年里，全球科学界投入了大量精力来了解新冠病毒。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了在疫情爆发至2020年底期间积累的一些研究结果，并认为尽管新冠病毒显然是一种与特定病毒相关的生物疾病，但文化心理学核心的文化与心理的关系对于理解这场大流行至关重要。在不同社会和群体之间，在相对死亡率、传播率、行为反应、官方政策、对当局的遵守情况，甚至对新冠病毒的认知被政治化的程度等方面都观察到了显著差异。此外，许多少数群体相对于占主导地位的群体，在疫情中的经历截然不同，特别是由于现有的健康不平等以及歧视和边缘化，我们认为这需要将政治和社会经济因素更好地融入文化心理学以及更广泛的心理科学中的健康与疾病叙事。最后，例如对不确定性的不耐受、乐观主义、阴谋论思维或集体主义倾向等个体差异会受到文化背景的影响，这对与新冠病毒传播和影响相关的行为，如戴口罩和保持社交距离，具有启示意义。文化背景与精神障碍的体验和表达之间的相互作用继续被文化临床心理学所记录；当前的研究将这种思维扩展到了传染病领域，特别关注通过社会接触传播且至少部分通过社会干预来应对的疾病。我们将从三个层面讨论文化对新冠病毒传播、病程和结果的影响：（1）跨社会差异；（2）社会内部的社区和群体间关系；（3）由文化背景塑造的个体差异。我们通过考虑这种传染病视角对文化心理学及相关学科的潜在理论影响，以及这种视角对科学传播和公共卫生干预的实际影响来结束本文。
