Djavid Amir Reza, Stonesifer Connor, Fullerton Benjamin T, Wang Samuel W, Tartaro Marlene A, Kwinta Bradley D, Grimes Joseph M, Geskin Larisa J, Saenger Yvonne M
Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Cancers (Basel). 2021 Sep 30;13(19):4914. doi: 10.3390/cancers13194914.
(1) Melanoma is the most aggressive dermatologic malignancy, with an estimated 106,110 new cases to be diagnosed in 2021. The annual incidence rates continue to climb, which underscores the critical importance of improving the methods to prevent this disease. The interventions to assist with melanoma prevention vary and typically include measures such as UV avoidance and the use of protective clothing, sunscreen, and other chemopreventive agents. However, the evidence is mixed surrounding the use of these and other interventions. This review discusses the heritable etiologies underlying melanoma development before delving into the data surrounding the preventive methods highlighted above. (2) A comprehensive literature review was performed to identify the clinical trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses pertinent to melanoma prevention and incidence. Online resources were queried to identify epidemiologic and clinical trial information. (3) Evidence exists to support population-wide screening programs, the proper use of sunscreen, and community-targeted measures in the prevention of melanoma. Clinical evidence for the majority of the proposed preventive chemotherapeutics is presently minimal but continues to evolve. (4) Further study of these chemotherapeutics, as well as improvement of techniques in artificial intelligence and imaging techniques for melanoma screening, is warranted for continued improvement of melanoma prevention.
（1）黑色素瘤是最具侵袭性的皮肤恶性肿瘤，2021年预计有106,110例新病例被诊断出来。其年发病率持续攀升，这凸显了改进预防该疾病方法的至关重要性。协助预防黑色素瘤的干预措施多种多样，通常包括避免紫外线照射以及使用防护服、防晒霜和其他化学预防剂等措施。然而，围绕这些及其他干预措施的证据并不一致。本综述在深入探讨上述预防方法的数据之前，先讨论黑色素瘤发生的遗传病因。（2）进行了全面的文献综述，以确定与黑色素瘤预防和发病率相关的临床试验、观察性研究和荟萃分析。查询在线资源以确定流行病学和临床试验信息。（3）有证据支持在预防黑色素瘤方面开展全人群筛查项目、正确使用防晒霜以及针对社区的措施。目前，大多数提议的预防性化疗药物的临床证据很少，但仍在不断发展。（4）对这些化疗药物进行进一步研究，以及改进用于黑色素瘤筛查的人工智能和成像技术，对于持续改善黑色素瘤的预防是必要的。
