Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China.
Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Technology University, Nanjing 211800, China.
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2021 Dec;36:102597. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102597. Epub 2021 Oct 24.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes photosensitizers (PSs) together with irradiation light of specific wavelength interacting with oxygen to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could trigger apoptosis and/or necrosis-induced cell death in target tissues. During the past two decades, multifunctional nano-PSs employing nanotechnology and nanomedicine developed, which present not only photosensitizing properties but additionally accurate drug release abilities, efficient response to optical stimuli and hypoxia resistance. Further, nano-PSs have been developed to enhance PDT efficacy by improving the ROS yield. In addition, nano-PSs with additive or synergistic therapies are significant for both currently preclinical study and future clinical practice, given their capability of considerable higher therapeutic efficacy under safer systemic drug dosage. In this review, nano-PSs that allow precise drug delivery for efficient absorption by target cells are introduced. Nano-PSs boosting sensitivity and conversion efficiency to PDT-activating stimuli are highlighted. Nano-PSs developed to address the challenging hypoxia conditions during PDT of deep-sited tumors are summarized. Specifically, PSs capable of synergistic therapy and the emerging novel types with higher ROS yield that further enhance PDT efficacy are presented. Finally, future demands for ideal nano-PSs, emphasizing clinical translation and application are discussed.
光动力疗法（PDT）利用光敏剂（PSs）与特定波长的照射光与氧气相互作用，产生细胞毒性活性氧（ROS），从而引发靶组织中的细胞凋亡和/或坏死。在过去的二十年中，采用纳米技术和纳米医学开发了多功能纳米 PSs，它们不仅具有光敏特性，而且还具有准确的药物释放能力、对光刺激的高效响应和抗缺氧能力。此外，纳米 PSs 已被开发出来以提高 ROS 产量来增强 PDT 疗效。此外，具有附加或协同治疗作用的纳米 PSs 对于目前的临床前研究和未来的临床实践都具有重要意义，因为它们在更安全的全身药物剂量下具有更高的治疗效果。在这篇综述中，介绍了允许精确药物输送以有效吸收靶细胞的纳米 PSs。强调了提高 PDT 激活刺激的敏感性和转化效率的纳米 PSs。总结了开发用于解决 PDT 治疗深部肿瘤时缺氧条件挑战的纳米 PSs。特别介绍了能够协同治疗的 PSs 和具有更高 ROS 产量的新兴新型 PSs，进一步增强了 PDT 疗效。最后，讨论了对理想纳米 PSs 的未来需求，强调了临床转化和应用。
