Department of Football Medicine and Science, Manchester United Football Club, AON Training Complex, Manchester, UK.
Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
Sports Med. 2022 Jan;52(1):1-12. doi: 10.1007/s40279-021-01583-x. Epub 2021 Oct 29.
High-intensity horizontal decelerations occur frequently in team sports and are typically performed to facilitate a reduction in momentum preceding a change of direction manoeuvre or following a sprinting action. The mechanical underpinnings of horizontal deceleration are unique compared to other high-intensity locomotive patterns (e.g., acceleration, maximal sprinting speed), and are characterised by a ground reaction force profile of high impact peaks and loading rates. The high mechanical loading conditions observed when performing rapid horizontal decelerations can lead to tissue damage and neuromuscular fatigue, which may diminish co-ordinative proficiency and an individual's ability to skilfully dissipate braking loads. Furthermore, repetitive long-term deceleration loading cycles if not managed appropriately may propagate damage accumulation and offer an explanation for chronic aetiological consequences of the 'mechanical fatigue failure' phenomenon. Training strategies should look to enhance an athlete's ability to skilfully dissipate braking loads, develop mechanically robust musculoskeletal structures, and ensure frequent high-intensity horizontal deceleration exposure in order to accustom individuals to the potentially damaging effects of intense decelerations that athletes will frequently perform in competition. Given the apparent importance of horizontal decelerations, in this Current Opinion article we provide considerations for sport science and medicine practitioners around the assessment, training and monitoring of horizontal deceleration. We feel these considerations could lead to new developments in injury-mitigation and physical development strategies in team sports.
高强度水平减速在团队运动中经常发生，通常用于在改变方向动作之前或在冲刺动作之后减少动量。与其他高强度运动模式（例如加速、最大冲刺速度）相比，水平减速的力学基础是独特的，其特点是地面反作用力具有高冲击峰值和加载率。在进行快速水平减速时观察到的高机械负载条件会导致组织损伤和神经肌肉疲劳，从而降低协调能力和个体巧妙分散制动负载的能力。此外，如果不能适当管理，重复的长期减速加载循环可能会导致损伤积累，并为“机械疲劳失效”现象的慢性病因后果提供解释。训练策略应着眼于提高运动员巧妙分散制动负载的能力，发展机械强壮的骨骼肌肉结构，并确保频繁进行高强度水平减速，以使个体适应运动员在比赛中经常进行的高强度减速的潜在破坏性影响。鉴于水平减速的明显重要性，在这篇综述中，我们为运动科学和医学从业者提供了有关水平减速评估、训练和监测的考虑因素。我们认为，这些考虑因素可能会为团队运动中的损伤缓解和身体发展策略带来新的发展。
