Baños Rosa Mª, Garcés Juan J, Miragall Marta, Herrero Rocío, Vara Mª Dolores, Soria-Olivas Emilio
Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
J Happiness Stud. 2022;23(4):1683-1708. doi: 10.1007/s10902-021-00469-z. Epub 2021 Nov 2.
COVID-19 pandemic-related confinement may be a fruitful opportunity to use individual resources to deal with it or experience psychological functioning changes. This study aimed to analyze the evolution of different psychological variables during the first coronavirus wave to identify the different psychological response clusters, as well as to keep a follow-up on the changes among these clusters. The sample included 459 Spanish residents (77.8% female, M = 35.21 years, SD = 13.00). Participants completed several online self-reported questionnaires to assess positive functioning variables (MLQ, Steger et al. in J Loss Trauma 13(6):511-527, 2006. 10.1080/15325020802173660; GQ-6, McCullough et al. in J Person Soc Psychol 82:112-127, 2002. 10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.112; CD-RISC, Campbell-Sills and Stein in J Traum Stress 20(6):1019-1028, 2007. 10.1002/jts.20271; CLS-H, Chiesi et al. in BMC Psychol 8(1):1-9, 2020. 10.1186/s40359-020-0386-9; SWLS; Diener et al. in J Person Assess, 49(1), 71-75, 1985), emotional distress (PHQ-2, Kroenke et al. in Med Care 41(11):1284-1292, 2003. 10.1097/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C; GAD-2, Kroenke et al. in Ann Internal Med 146(5):317-325, 2007. 10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004; PANAS, Watson et al. in J Person Soc Psychol 47:1063-1070, 1988; Perceived Stress, ad hoc), and post-traumatic growth (PTGI-SF; Cann et al. in Anxiety Stress Coping 23(2):127-137, 2010. 10.1080/10615800903094273), four times throughout the 3 months of the confinement. Linear mixed models showed that the scores on positive functioning variables worsened from the beginning of the confinement, while emotional distress and personal strength improved by the end of the state of alarm. Clustering analyses revealed four different patterns of psychological response: "Survival", "Resurgent", "Resilient", and "Thriving" individuals. Four different profiles were identified during mandatory confinement and most participants remained in the same cluster. The "Resilient" cluster gathered the largest number of individuals (30-37%). We conclude that both the heterogeneity of psychological profiles and analysis of positive functioning variables, emotional distress, and post-traumatic growth must be considered to better understand the response to prolonged adverse situations.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10902-021-00469-z.
与新冠疫情相关的禁闭可能是一个利用个人资源应对疫情或体验心理功能变化的富有成效的机会。本研究旨在分析在新冠疫情第一波期间不同心理变量的演变，以识别不同的心理反应集群，并对这些集群之间的变化进行跟踪。样本包括459名西班牙居民（女性占77.8%，平均年龄M = 35.21岁，标准差SD = 13.00）。参与者完成了几份在线自我报告问卷，以评估积极功能变量（MLQ，Steger等人，发表于《丧失与创伤杂志》13(6):511 - 527，2006年。doi:10.1080/15325020802173660；GQ - 6，McCullough等人，发表于《人格与社会心理学杂志》82:112 - 127，2002年。doi:10.1037/0022 - 3514.82.1.112；CD - RISC，Campbell - Sills和Stein，发表于《创伤应激杂志》20(6):1019 - 1028，2007年。doi:10.1002/jts.20271；CLS - H，Chiesi等人，发表于《BMC心理学》8(1):1 - 9，2020年。doi:10.1186/s40359 - 020 - 0386 - 9；SWLS；Diener等人，发表于《人格评估杂志》49(1)，71 - 75，1985年）、情绪困扰（PHQ - 2，Kroenke等人，发表于《医疗保健》41(11):1284 - 1292，2003年。doi:10.1097/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C；GAD - 2，Kroenke等人，发表于《内科学年鉴》146(5):317 - 325，2007年。doi:10.7326/0003 - 4819 - 146 - 5 - 200703060 - 00004；PANAS，Watson等人，发表于《人格与社会心理学杂志》47:1063 - 1070，1988年；感知压力，临时编制）以及创伤后成长（PTGI - SF；Cann等人，发表于《焦虑、应激与应对》23(2):127 - 137，2010年。doi:10.1080/10615800903094273），在禁闭的3个月内分四次进行评估。线性混合模型显示，积极功能变量的得分从禁闭开始时就变差，而情绪困扰和个人力量在警报状态结束时有所改善。聚类分析揭示了四种不同的心理反应模式：“生存型”、“复苏型”、“坚韧型”和“茁壮成长型”个体。在强制禁闭期间识别出了四种不同的类型，大多数参与者仍处于同一集群。“坚韧型”集群聚集了最多的个体（30 - 37%）。我们得出结论，为了更好地理解对长期不利情况的反应，必须考虑心理类型的异质性以及对积极功能变量、情绪困扰和创伤后成长的分析。
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