Amiteye Samuel
Department of Nuclear Agriculture and Radiation Processing (NARP), Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences (SNAS), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box AE 1, Accra, Ghana.
Biotechnology Centre, Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute (BNARI), Ghana Atomic Energy Commission (GAEC), P. O. Box AE 50, Accra, Ghana.
Heliyon. 2021 Sep 30;7(10):e08093. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08093. eCollection 2021 Oct.
The concepts, methodologies and applications of some of the major molecular or DNA markers commonly used in plant science have been presented. The general principles of molecular marker techniques have been elucidated with detailed explanation of some notable basic concepts associated with marker applications: marker polymorphism, dominant or co-dominant mode of inheritance, agronomic trait-marker linkage, genetic mutations and variation. The molecular marker methods that have been extensively reviewed are RFLP, RAPD, SCAR, AFLP, SSR, CpSSR, ISSR, RAMP, SAMPL, SRAP, SSCP, CAPS, SNP, DArT, EST, and STS. In addition, the practicality of the retrotransposon-based marker methods, IRAP, REMAP, RBIP, and IPBS, have been discussed. Moreover, some salient characteristics of DNA markers have been compared and the various marker systems classified as PCR- or non-PCR-based, dominantly or co-dominantly inherited, locus specific or non-specific as well as at the levels of marker polymorphism and efficiency of marker reproducibility. Furthermore, the principles and methods of the following DNA markers have been highlighted: Penta-primer amplification refractory mutation system (PARMS), Conserved DNA-Derived Polymorphism (CDDP), P450-based analogue (PBA) markers, Tubulin-Based Polymorphism (TBP), Inter-SINE amplified polymorphism (ISAP), Sequence specific amplified polymorphism (S-SAP), Intron length polymorphisms (ILPs), Inter small RNA polymorphism (iSNAP), Direct amplification of length polymorphisms (DALP), Promoter anchored amplified polymorphism (PAAP), Target region amplification polymorphism (TRAP), Conserved region amplification polymorphism (CoRAP), Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) Polymorphism, and Directed Amplification of Minisatellite DNA (DAMD). Some molecular marker applications that have been recently employed to achieve various objectives in plant research have also been outlined. This review will serve as a useful reference resource for plant breeders and other scientists, as well as technicians and students who require basic know-how in the use of molecular or DNA marker technologies.
本文介绍了植物科学中一些常用的主要分子或DNA标记的概念、方法及应用。阐述了分子标记技术的一般原理，并详细解释了与标记应用相关的一些重要基本概念：标记多态性、显性或共显性遗传模式、农艺性状-标记连锁、基因突变和变异。已被广泛综述的分子标记方法有RFLP、RAPD、SCAR、AFLP、SSR、CpSSR、ISSR、RAMP、SAMPL、SRAP、SSCP、CAPS、SNP、DArT、EST和STS。此外，还讨论了基于反转录转座子的标记方法IRAP、REMAP、RBIP和IPBS的实用性。此外，还比较了DNA标记的一些显著特征，并将各种标记系统分为基于PCR或非PCR的、显性或共显性遗传的、位点特异性或非特异性的，以及标记多态性和标记可重复性效率的水平。此外还重点介绍了以下DNA标记的原理和方法：五引物扩增难治性突变系统（PARMS）、保守DNA衍生多态性（CDDP）、基于细胞色素P450的类似物（PBA）标记、基于微管蛋白的多态性（TBP）、间短散在元件扩增多态性（ISAP）、序列特异性扩增多态性（S-SAP）、内含子长度多态性（ILP）、小RNA间多态性（iSNAP）、长度多态性直接扩增（DALP）、启动子锚定扩增多态性（PAAP）、靶区域扩增多态性（TRAP）、保守区域扩增多态性（CoRAP）、起始密码子靶向（SCoT）多态性和小卫星DNA直接扩增（DAMD）。还概述了最近用于实现植物研究中各种目标的一些分子标记应用。本综述将为植物育种者和其他科学家，以及需要分子或DNA标记技术基本操作知识的技术人员和学生提供有用的参考资源。
