Maji Kamal Jyoti, Arora Mohit, Dikshit Anil Kumar
Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
Engineering Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, Singapore.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Apr;24(12):11559-11572. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-8575-7. Epub 2017 Mar 20.
Particulate air pollution is becoming a serious public health concern in urban cities of China. Association of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and economic loss with air pollution-related health effects demand quantitative analysis for correctional measures in air quality. This study applies an epidemiology-based exposure-response function to obtain the quantitative estimate of health impact of particulate matter PM and PM across 190 cities of China during years 2014-2015. The annual average concentration of PM and PM is 57 ± 18 μg/m (ranging from 18 to 119 μg/m) and 97.7 ± 34.2 μg/m (ranging from 33.5 to 252.8 μg/m), respectively. Based on the present study, the total estimated annual premature mortality due to PM is 722,370 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 322,716-987,519], 79% of which accounts for adult cerebrovascular disease (stroke) and ischemic heart disease (IHD). The premature mortality in megacities is very high, such as Chongqing (25,162/year), Beijing (19,702/year), Shanghai (19,617/year), Tianjin (13,726/year), and Chengdu (12,356/year). PM pollution has caused 1,491,774 (95% CI = 972,770-1,960,303) premature deaths (age >30) in China. Further, 3,614,064 cases of chronic bronchitis (CB); 13,759,894 cases of asthma attack among all ages; 191,709 COPD-related hospital admission (HA) cases; 499,048 respiratory-related HA; 357,816 cerebrovascular HA; and 308,129 cardiovascular-related HA due to PM pollution have been estimated during 2014-2015. Chongqing, Beijing, Baoding, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang are the top five contributors to pollution-related mortality, accounting for 3.10, 2.71, 2.49, 2.20, and 2.02%, respectively, of the total deaths caused by PM pollution. The total DALYs associated with PM and PM pollution in China is 7.2 and 20.66 million in 2014-2015, and mortality and chronic bronchitis shared about 93.3% of the total DALYs for PM. During this period, the economic cost of health impact due to PM is approximately US$304,122 million, which accounts for about 2.94% of China's gross domestic product (GDP). Megacities are expected to contribute relatively more to the total costs. The present methodology could be used as a tool to help policy makers and pollution control board authorities, to further analyze costs and benefits of air pollution management programs in China.
在中国的城市中，颗粒物空气污染正成为一个严重的公共卫生问题。残疾调整生命年（DALYs）以及经济损失与空气污染相关健康影响之间的关联，要求对空气质量改善措施进行定量分析。本研究应用基于流行病学的暴露-反应函数，以获取2014 - 2015年期间中国190个城市中细颗粒物（PM）和可吸入颗粒物（PM）对健康影响的定量估计。PM和PM的年均浓度分别为57±18μg/m³（范围为18至119μg/m³）和97.7±34.2μg/m³（范围为33.5至252.8μg/m³）。基于本研究，估计每年因PM导致的过早死亡总数为722,370例[95%置信区间（CI）= 322,716 - 987,519]，其中79%归因于成人脑血管疾病（中风）和缺血性心脏病（IHD）。特大城市的过早死亡率非常高，例如重庆（每年25,162例）、北京（每年19,702例）、上海（每年19,617例）、天津（每年13,726例）和成都（每年12,356例）。PM污染在中国已导致1,491,774例（95% CI = 972,770 - 1,960,303）过早死亡（年龄>30岁）。此外，在2014 - 2015年期间，估计因PM污染导致3,614,064例慢性支气管炎（CB）；各年龄段共13,759,894例哮喘发作；191,709例慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）相关住院（HA）病例；499,048例呼吸道相关HA；357,816例脑血管HA；以及308,129例心血管相关HA。重庆、北京、保定、天津和石家庄是污染相关死亡率的前五大贡献城市，分别占PM污染导致的总死亡人数的3.10%、2.71%、2.49%、2.20%和2.02%。2014 - 2015年期间，中国与PM和PM污染相关的总DALYs分别为720万和2066万，死亡率和慢性支气管炎约占PM总DALYs的93.3%。在此期间，因PM导致的健康影响的经济成本约为3041.22亿美元，约占中国国内生产总值（GDP）的2.94%。预计特大城市对总成本的贡献相对更大。本方法可作为一种工具，帮助政策制定者和污染控制委员会当局进一步分析中国空气污染管理项目的成本和效益。
