一种用于测量预期脑震荡报告行为的量表的开发。
Development of a scale to measure expected concussion reporting behavior.
作者信息
Kroshus Emily, Lowry Sarah J, Garrett Kimberly, Hays Rachel, Hunt Tamerah, Chrisman Sara P D
机构信息
Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1920 Terry Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 6200 NE 74th St, Ste 110, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA.
出版信息
Inj Epidemiol. 2021 Dec 17;8(1):70. doi: 10.1186/s40621-021-00364-4.
BACKGROUND
Most concussion education aims to increase athlete self-report of concussive symptoms. Although the population burden of concussion is high, frequency with which this injury occurs on a given sports team in a given season is relatively low. This means that powering concussion education evaluation studies to measure change in post-injury symptom reporting behavior requires what is often a prohibitively large sample size. Thus, evaluation studies are typically powered to measure proximal cognitions. Expected reporting behavior, a cognition that reflects planned and reactive decision-making, is a theoretically indicated construct for inclusion in evaluation studies. However, previously no scales were available to measure this construct with demonstrated reliability and validity among youth athletes. The objective of this study was to develop and assess the validity of a brief single-factor scale to measure expected youth athlete concussion reporting behavior (CR-E) in a sample of youth athletes.
METHODS
A mixed methods approach was used, including cognitive interviews with youth athletes, and quantitative item reduction and validation. Participants were youth athletes (aged 9-16) from the Seattle metropolitan and rural south-Georgia regions. After refining an initial pool of items using cognitive interviews with a diverse group of youth athletes (n = 20), a survey containing these items was administered to youth soccer and football players (n = 291). Item reduction statistics and sequential confirmatory factor analyses were used to reduce the initial scale using a randomly selected half of the sample. Then, a final confirmatory factor analysis and validation tests were applied to the other half of the sample of youth athletes. Predictive validation was conducted longitudinally in a separate sample of youth athletes (n = 155).
RESULTS
Internal consistency was high (alpha = 0.89), model fit was excellent, validation tests were in the hypothesized directions, and the scale was feasible to use. Using the finalized 4-item scale, we observed that less than one-third of youth soccer and football athletes expect to "always" tell their coach about symptoms of a suspected concussion.
CONCLUSIONS
The CR-E measure should be included in future studies evaluating concussion education programming in youth athlete populations.
背景
大多数脑震荡教育旨在提高运动员对脑震荡症状的自我报告。尽管脑震荡的人群负担很高，但在给定赛季中，某一运动队发生这种损伤的频率相对较低。这意味着，为衡量受伤后症状报告行为的变化而开展脑震荡教育评估研究，往往需要极大的样本量，而这通常令人望而却步。因此，评估研究通常以测量近端认知为目标。预期报告行为是一种反映计划和反应性决策的认知，从理论上讲，它是评估研究中应纳入的一个构念。然而，此前尚无量表可用于在青少年运动员中测量这一构念，并证明其可靠性和有效性。本研究的目的是开发并评估一个简短的单因素量表，以测量青少年运动员样本中的预期青少年运动员脑震荡报告行为（CR-E）。
方法
采用混合方法，包括对青少年运动员进行认知访谈，以及进行定量的项目精简和验证。参与者是来自西雅图大都市地区和佐治亚州南部农村地区的青少年运动员（9-16岁）。在对不同组的青少年运动员（n = 20）进行认知访谈以完善初始项目池后，并向青少年足球和橄榄球运动员（n = 291）发放包含这些项目的调查问卷。使用项目精简统计和顺序验证性因素分析，对随机选择的一半样本进行初始量表的精简。然后，对另一半青少年运动员样本进行最终的验证性因素分析和验证测试。在另一组青少年运动员样本（n = 155）中进行纵向预测验证。
结果
内部一致性较高（α = 0.89），模型拟合良好，验证测试结果符合假设方向，且该量表使用起来可行。使用最终确定的4项量表，我们观察到，不到三分之一的青少年足球和橄榄球运动员期望“总是”将疑似脑震荡的症状告知教练。
结论
在未来评估青少年运动员群体脑震荡教育项目的研究中，应纳入CR-E测量。
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