Young L R, Oman C M, Watt D G, Money K E, Lichtenberg B K, Kenyon R V, Arrott A P
Exp Brain Res. 1986;64(2):291-8. doi: 10.1007/BF00237746.
Experiments on human spatial orientation were conducted on four crewmembers of Space Shuttle Spacelab Mission 1. This introductory paper presents the conceptual background of the project, the relationship among the experiments and their relevance to a "sensory reinterpretation hypothesis". Detailed experiment procedures and results are presented in the accompanying papers in this series. The overall findings are discussed in this article as they pertain to the following aspects of hypothesized sensory reinterpretation in weightlessness: utricular otolith afferent signals are reinterpreted as indicating head translation rather than tilt, sensitivity of reflex responses to footward acceleration is reduced, and increased weighting is given to visual and tactile cues in orientation perception and posture control. Three subjects developed space motion sickness symptoms, which abated after several days. Head movements, as well as visual and tactile cues to orientation influenced symptoms in a manner consistent with the sensory-motor conflict theory of space motion sickness. Six short duration tests of motion sickness susceptibility, conducted pre-flight, failed to predict sickness intensity in weightlessness. An early otolith-spinal reflex, measured by electromyography from the gastrocnemius-soleus muscles during sudden footward acceleration, was inhibited immediately upon entering weightlessness and declined further during the flight, but was unchanged from pre-flight when measured shortly after return to earth. Dynamic visual-vestibular interaction was studied by measuring subjective roll self-motion created by looking into a spinning drum. Results suggest increased weighting of visual cues and reduced weighting of graviceptor signals in weightlessness. Following the 10 day flight, erect posture with eyes closed was disturbed for several days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
对航天飞机太空实验室任务1的四名机组人员进行了人体空间定向实验。这篇介绍性论文阐述了该项目的概念背景、实验之间的关系及其与“感觉重新诠释假说”的相关性。本系列的相关论文中介绍了详细的实验程序和结果。本文讨论了总体研究结果，这些结果与失重状态下假定的感觉重新诠释的以下方面有关：椭圆囊耳石传入信号被重新诠释为指示头部平移而非倾斜，反射反应对足部加速的敏感性降低，以及在定向感知和姿势控制中视觉和触觉线索的权重增加。三名受试者出现了太空晕动病症状，几天后症状减轻。头部运动以及视觉和触觉定向线索以与太空晕动病的感觉运动冲突理论一致的方式影响症状。飞行前进行的六项短期晕动病易感性测试未能预测失重状态下的晕动病强度。通过在突然足部加速期间从腓肠肌-比目鱼肌进行肌电图测量的早期耳石-脊髓反射，在进入失重状态后立即受到抑制，并在飞行过程中进一步下降，但在返回地球后不久测量时与飞行前没有变化。通过测量观看旋转鼓产生的主观滚动自我运动来研究动态视觉-前庭相互作用。结果表明，在失重状态下视觉线索的权重增加，重力感受器信号的权重降低。在为期10天的飞行之后，闭眼直立姿势受到干扰达数天之久。（摘要截取自250词）
