Viglietta Marine, Bellone Rachel, Blisnick Adrien Albert, Failloux Anna-Bella
Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
Front Microbiol. 2021 Dec 9;12:773211. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.773211. eCollection 2021.
More than 25% of human infectious diseases are vector-borne diseases (VBDs). These diseases, caused by pathogens shared between animals and humans, are a growing threat to global health with more than 2.5 million annual deaths. Mosquitoes and ticks are the main vectors of arboviruses including flaviviruses, which greatly affect humans. However, all tick or mosquito species are not able to transmit all viruses, suggesting important molecular mechanisms regulating viral infection, dissemination, and transmission by vectors. Despite the large distribution of arthropods (mosquitoes and ticks) and arboviruses, only a few pairings of arthropods (family, genus, and population) and viruses (family, genus, and genotype) successfully transmit. Here, we review the factors that might limit pathogen transmission: internal (vector genetics, immune responses, microbiome including insect-specific viruses, and coinfections) and external, either biotic (adult and larvae nutrition) or abiotic (temperature, chemicals, and altitude). This review will demonstrate the dynamic nature and complexity of virus-vector interactions to help in designing appropriate practices in surveillance and prevention to reduce VBD threats.
超过25%的人类传染病是媒介传播疾病（VBDs）。这些由动物和人类共有的病原体引起的疾病，对全球健康构成了日益严重的威胁，每年导致超过250万人死亡。蚊子和蜱是包括黄病毒在内的虫媒病毒的主要传播媒介，这些病毒对人类影响极大。然而，并非所有蜱或蚊子物种都能传播所有病毒，这表明存在调控病毒感染、传播及由媒介传播的重要分子机制。尽管节肢动物（蚊子和蜱）和虫媒病毒分布广泛，但只有少数节肢动物（科、属和种群）与病毒（科、属和基因型）的配对能够成功传播。在此，我们综述了可能限制病原体传播的因素：内部因素（媒介遗传学、免疫反应、微生物群落包括昆虫特异性病毒和共感染）和外部因素，包括生物因素（成虫和幼虫营养）或非生物因素（温度、化学物质和海拔）。本综述将展示病毒 - 媒介相互作用的动态性质和复杂性，以帮助设计适当的监测和预防措施，减少媒介传播疾病的威胁。
