Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20154 Milan, Italy.
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
Nutrients. 2021 Nov 23;13(12):4200. doi: 10.3390/nu13124200.
Intestinal colonization of the neonate is highly dependent on the term of pregnancy, the mode of delivery, the type of feeding [breast feeding or formula feeding]. Postnatal immune maturation is dependent on the intestinal microbiome implementation and composition and type of feeding is a key issue in the human gut development, the diversity of microbiome, and the intestinal function. It is well established that exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months or more has several benefits with respect to formula feeding. The composition of the new generation of infant formulas aims in mimicking HM by reproducing its beneficial effects on intestinal microbiome and on the gut associated immune system (GAIS). Several approaches have been developed currently for designing new infant formulas by the addition of bioactive ingredients such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), probiotics, prebiotics [fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs)], or by obtaining the so-called post-biotics also known as milk fermentation products. The aim of this article is to guide the practitioner in the understanding of these different types of Microbiota Influencing Formulas by listing and summarizing the main concepts and characteristics of these different models of enriched IFs with bioactive ingredients.
新生儿肠道定植高度依赖于胎龄、分娩方式、喂养方式[母乳喂养或配方奶喂养]。产后免疫成熟依赖于肠道微生物组的建立和组成，喂养方式是人类肠道发育、微生物组多样性和肠道功能的关键问题。众所周知，纯母乳喂养 6 个月或以上对配方奶喂养有多种益处。新一代婴儿配方奶粉的组成旨在通过复制其对肠道微生物组和肠道相关免疫系统（GAIS）的有益作用来模拟 HM。目前已经开发了几种方法来设计新的婴儿配方奶粉，方法是添加生物活性成分，如人乳低聚糖（HMOs）、益生菌、益生元[低聚果糖（FOSs）和低聚半乳糖（GOSs）]，或获得所谓的后生元，也称为牛奶发酵产品。本文的目的是通过列出和总结这些富含生物活性成分的 IF 模型的主要概念和特征，指导从业者理解这些不同类型的微生物群影响配方。
