Cantelon Julie A, Giles Grace E
U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.
Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.
Front Psychol. 2021 Dec 16;12:653158. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.653158. eCollection 2021.
A growing body of work has investigated the effects of acute, or single bouts of, aerobic exercise on cognitive function. However, review of this research has largely focused on changes following exercise, with less focus on cognitive changes during exercise. The purpose of this review is to discuss the critical characteristics of this literature to date, including: (1) what has been done, (2) what has been found, and (3) what is next. Furthermore, previous meta-analytic reviews have demonstrated there is a small positive effect on cognition when measured during exercise, with executive functions showing the largest effects. However, these reviews group executive functions together. Here we explore how inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility are individually impacted by factors such as exercise intensity or duration. Searches of electronic databases and reference lists from relevant studies resulted in 73 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Studies were grouped by executive and non-executive cognitive domains, intensity and duration of exercise bouts. Within the executive domain, we found that effects on working memory and cognitive flexibility remain mixed, effects on inhibition are clearer. Moderate intensity exercise improves response time, vigorous intensity impairs accuracy. Moderate to vigorous intensity improves response time across non-executive domains of attention, motor speed and information processing, with no significant effects on accuracy. Memory processes are consistently improved during exercise. Effects of exercise duration on response time and accuracy are nuanced and vary by cognitive domain. Studies typically explore durations of 45 min or less, extended exercise durations remain largely unexplored. We highlight factors to consider when assessing exercise-cognition relationships, as well as current gaps and future directions for work in this field.
越来越多的研究探讨了急性或单次有氧运动对认知功能的影响。然而，对该研究的综述主要集中在运动后的变化，而较少关注运动过程中的认知变化。本综述的目的是讨论迄今为止该文献的关键特征，包括：（1）已做了什么，（2）发现了什么，以及（3）接下来是什么。此外，先前的荟萃分析综述表明，在运动期间进行测量时，对认知有小的积极影响，执行功能受影响最大。然而，这些综述将执行功能归为一类。在这里，我们探讨抑制、工作记忆和认知灵活性如何分别受到运动强度或持续时间等因素的影响。通过搜索电子数据库和相关研究的参考文献列表，得到了73项符合纳入标准的研究。研究按执行和非执行认知领域、运动强度和持续时间进行分组。在执行领域，我们发现对工作记忆和认知灵活性的影响仍然存在分歧，对抑制的影响更清晰。中等强度运动可改善反应时间，高强度运动则损害准确性。中等至高强度运动可改善注意力、运动速度和信息处理等非执行领域的反应时间，对准确性无显著影响。运动期间记忆过程持续得到改善。运动持续时间对反应时间和准确性的影响细微，且因认知领域而异。研究通常探讨45分钟或更短的持续时间，更长的运动持续时间在很大程度上仍未得到探索。我们强调了评估运动与认知关系时要考虑的因素，以及该领域当前的差距和未来的工作方向。
