Al-Joufi Fakhria A, Setia Aseem, Salem-Bekhit Mounir M, Sahu Ram Kumar, Alqahtani Fulwah Y, Widyowati Retno, Aleanizy Fadilah Sfouq
Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf 72341, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Pharmacy, Shri Rawatpura Sarkar University, Raipur 492015, India.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2022 Jan 4;12(1):169. doi: 10.3390/nano12010169.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious disease that affects millions of people throughout the world, despite considerable advances in therapy. The formation of colorectal adenomas and invasive adenocarcinomas is the consequence of a succession of genetic and epigenetic changes in the normal colonic epithelium. Genetic and epigenetic processes associated with the onset, development, and metastasis of sporadic CRC have been studied in depth, resulting in identifying biomarkers that might be used to predict behaviour and prognosis beyond staging and influence therapeutic options. A novel biomarker, or a group of biomarkers, must be discovered in order to build an accurate and clinically useful test that may be used as an alternative to conventional methods for the early detection of CRC and to identify prospective new therapeutic intervention targets. To minimise the mortality burden of colorectal cancer, new screening methods with higher accuracy and nano-based diagnostic precision are needed. Cytotoxic medication has negative side effects and is restricted by medication resistance. One of the most promising cancer treatment techniques is the use of nano-based carrier system as a medication delivery mechanism. To deliver cytotoxic medicines, targeted nanoparticles might take advantage of differently expressed molecules on the surface of cancer cells. The use of different compounds as ligands on the surface of nanoparticles to interact with cancer cells, enabling the efficient delivery of antitumor medicines. Formulations based on nanoparticles might aid in early cancer diagnosis and help to overcome the limitations of traditional treatments, including low water solubility, nonspecific biodistribution, and restricted bioavailability. This article addresses about the molecular pathogenesis of CRC and highlights about biomarkers. It also provides conceptual knowledge of nanotechnology-based diagnostic techniques and therapeutic approaches for malignant colorectal cancer.
尽管在治疗方面取得了显著进展，但结直肠癌（CRC）仍是一种影响全球数百万人的严重疾病。结直肠腺瘤和浸润性腺癌的形成是正常结肠上皮细胞一系列遗传和表观遗传变化的结果。与散发性CRC的发生、发展和转移相关的遗传和表观遗传过程已得到深入研究，从而确定了一些生物标志物，这些标志物可用于预测除分期之外的肿瘤行为和预后，并影响治疗选择。为了构建一种准确且临床有用的检测方法，以替代传统方法用于CRC的早期检测并确定潜在的新治疗干预靶点，必须发现一种新型生物标志物或一组生物标志物。为了将结直肠癌的死亡负担降至最低，需要更高准确性和基于纳米的诊断精度的新筛查方法。细胞毒性药物有负面副作用且受耐药性限制。最有前景的癌症治疗技术之一是使用基于纳米的载体系统作为药物递送机制。为了递送细胞毒性药物，靶向纳米颗粒可以利用癌细胞表面差异表达的分子。在纳米颗粒表面使用不同化合物作为配体与癌细胞相互作用，从而实现抗肿瘤药物的有效递送。基于纳米颗粒的制剂可能有助于癌症早期诊断，并有助于克服传统治疗的局限性，包括低水溶性、非特异性生物分布和有限的生物利用度。本文阐述了结直肠癌的分子发病机制并重点介绍了生物标志物。它还提供了基于纳米技术的恶性结直肠癌诊断技术和治疗方法的概念性知识。
