Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences -DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza, 1 - 20126, Milano, Italy.
Chemosphere. 2022 Apr;293:133572. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133572. Epub 2022 Jan 8.
Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) are used as raw materials in many industries and primary energy sources. However, excessive PHs act as soil pollutants, posing serious threats to living organisms. Various ex-situ or in-situ chemical and biological methods are applied to restore polluted soil. However, most of the chemical treatment methods are expensive, environmentally unfriendly, and sometimes inefficient. That attracts scientists and researchers to develop and select new strategists to remediate polluted soil through risk-based analysis and eco-friendly manner. This review discusses the sources of PHs, properties, distribution, transport, and fate in the environment, internal and external factors affecting the soil remediation and restoration process, and its effective re-utilization for agriculture. Bioremediation is an eco-friendly method for degrading PHs, specifically by using microorganisms. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are being used to monitor contaminated sites. Currently, these new technologies have caused a paradigm shift by giving new insights into the microbially mediated biodegradation processes by targeting rRNA are discussed concisely. The recent development of risk-based management for soil contamination and its challenges and future perspectives are also discussed. Furthermore, nanotechnology seems very promising for effective soil remediation, but its success depends on its cost-effectiveness. This review paper suggests using bio-electrochemical systems that utilize electro-chemically active microorganisms to remediate and restore polluted soil with PHs that would be eco-friendlier and help tailor-made effective and sustainable remediation technologies.
石油烃（PHs）被用作许多行业的原材料和主要能源。然而，过量的 PHs 会成为土壤污染物，对生物构成严重威胁。各种异位或原位的化学和生物方法被用于修复污染土壤。然而，大多数化学处理方法昂贵、不环保，有时效率低下。这吸引了科学家和研究人员通过基于风险的分析和环保方式开发和选择新的策略来修复污染土壤。
本文讨论了 PHs 的来源、性质、分布、在环境中的迁移和归宿、影响土壤修复和恢复过程的内部和外部因素，以及其在农业中的有效再利用。生物修复是一种用于降解 PHs 的环保方法，特别是通过使用微生物。下一代测序（NGS）技术正被用于监测污染场地。目前，这些新技术通过针对 rRNA 来监测微生物介导的生物降解过程，从而引起了范式转变，简要讨论了这些新技术。还讨论了基于风险的土壤污染管理的最新发展及其挑战和未来展望。
此外，纳米技术似乎在有效土壤修复方面很有前景，但它的成功取决于其成本效益。本文综述建议使用生物电化学系统，利用电化学活性微生物来修复和恢复受 PHs 污染的土壤，这将更加环保，并有助于定制有效和可持续的修复技术。
