Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
Adv Mater. 2022 Jan;34(3):e2101321. doi: 10.1002/adma.202101321. Epub 2021 Nov 5.
Bioprinting has emerged as one of the most promising strategies for fabrication of functional organs in the lab as an alternative to transplant organs. While progress in the field has mostly been restricted to a few miniaturized tissues with minimal biological functionality until a few years ago, recent progress has advanced the concept of building three-dimensional multicellular organ complexity remarkably. This review discusses a series of milestones that have paved the way for bioprinting of tissue constructs that have advanced levels of biological and architectural functionality. Critical materials, engineering and biological challenges that are key to addressing the desirable function of engineered organs are presented. These are discussed in light of the many difficulties to replicate the heterotypic organization of multicellular solid organs, the nanoscale precision of the extracellular microenvironment in hierarchical tissues, as well as the advantages and limitations of existing bioprinting methods to adequately overcome these barriers. In summary, the advances of the field toward realistic manufacturing of functional organs have never been so extensive, and this manuscript serves as a road map for some of the recent progress and the challenges ahead.
生物打印已成为在实验室中制造功能性器官的最有前途的策略之一，作为移植器官的替代品。虽然该领域的进展直到几年前才主要局限于少数具有最小生物功能的小型化组织，但最近的进展显著推进了构建具有复杂三维多细胞器官的概念。本综述讨论了一系列里程碑事件，这些事件为生物打印具有更高水平生物和结构功能的组织构建体铺平了道路。介绍了关键材料、工程和生物学方面的挑战，这些挑战是解决工程化器官所需功能的关键。本文结合了在复制多细胞实体器官的异型组织、层次组织中细胞外微环境的纳米级精度以及现有生物打印方法的优势和局限性方面所面临的诸多困难，对这些挑战进行了讨论。总之，该领域在制造功能性器官方面的进展从未如此广泛，本文为最近的一些进展和未来的挑战提供了路线图。
