Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
Environ Health Perspect. 2022 Feb;130(2):27003. doi: 10.1289/EHP9413. Epub 2022 Feb 3.
Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formed from anthropogenic or biogenic gaseous precursors in the atmosphere substantially contribute to the ambient fine particulate matter [PM in aerodynamic diameter ()] burden, which has been associated with adverse human health effects. However, there is only limited evidence on their differential toxicological impact.
We aimed to discriminate toxicological effects of aerosols generated by atmospheric aging on combustion soot particles (SPs) of gaseous biogenic () or anthropogenic (naphthalene) precursors in two different lung cell models exposed at the air-liquid interface (ALI).
Mono- or cocultures of lung epithelial cells (A549) and endothelial cells (EA.hy926) were exposed at the ALI for 4 h to different aerosol concentrations of a photochemically aged mixture of primary combustion SP and () or naphthalene (). The internally mixed soot/SOA particles were comprehensively characterized in terms of their physical and chemical properties. We conducted toxicity tests to determine cytotoxicity, intracellular oxidative stress, primary and secondary genotoxicity, as well as inflammatory and angiogenic effects.
We observed considerable toxicity-related outcomes in cells treated with either SOA type. Greater adverse effects were measured for compared with in both cell models, whereas the nano-sized soot cores alone showed only minor effects. At the functional level, we found that augmented the secretion of malondialdehyde and interleukin-8 and may have induced the activation of endothelial cells in the coculture system. This activation was confirmed by comet assay, suggesting secondary genotoxicity and greater angiogenic potential. Chemical characterization of PM revealed distinct qualitative differences in the composition of the two secondary aerosol types.
In this study using A549 and EA.hy926 cells exposed at ALI, SOA compounds had greater toxicity than primary SPs. Photochemical aging of naphthalene was associated with the formation of more oxidized, more aromatic SOAs with a higher oxidative potential and toxicity compared with . Thus, we conclude that the influence of atmospheric chemistry on the chemical PM composition plays a crucial role for the adverse health outcome of emissions. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9413.
大气中人为或生物源气态前体物形成的二次有机气溶胶（SOA）大量贡献了环境细颗粒物[空气动力学直径（）]负荷，这与人类健康的不良影响有关。然而，关于它们的毒理学差异影响的证据有限。
我们旨在区分大气老化生成的气溶胶对两种不同的肺泡细胞模型中生物源（）或人为源（萘）前体物燃烧 soot 颗粒（SP）的毒理学影响。
肺上皮细胞（A549）和内皮细胞（EA.hy926）的单或共培养物在气液界面（ALI）暴露于不同气溶胶浓度的光化学老化的初级燃烧 soot 和（）或萘（）混合物 4 小时。综合描述了内部混合 soot/SOA 颗粒的物理和化学性质。我们进行了毒性测试以确定细胞毒性、细胞内氧化应激、初级和次级遗传毒性以及炎症和血管生成效应。
我们观察到用 SOA 类型处理的细胞中存在相当多的与毒性相关的结果。在两种细胞模型中，与相比，观察到更大的不利影响，而纳米级 soot 核仅表现出较小的影响。在功能水平上，我们发现了可能诱导共培养系统中内皮细胞活化的细胞因子白细胞介素-8 的分泌增加和丙二醛。彗星试验证实了这种活化，提示了次级遗传毒性和更大的血管生成潜力。PM 的化学特性揭示了两种二次气溶胶类型组成的明显定性差异。
在这项使用 A549 和 EA.hy926 细胞在 ALI 暴露的研究中，SOA 化合物比初级 soot 具有更大的毒性。萘的光化学老化与形成更多氧化、更多芳香 SOA 相关，与相比，具有更高的氧化势和毒性。因此，我们得出结论，大气化学对 PM 化学组成的影响对排放物的不良健康结果起着至关重要的作用。
