Anastasiadis Spiros H, Chrissopoulou Kiriaki, Stratakis Emmanuel, Kavatzikidou Paraskevi, Kaklamani Georgia, Ranella Anthi
Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, N. Plastira 100, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2022 Feb 6;12(3):552. doi: 10.3390/nano12030552.
The growth in novel synthesis methods and in the range of possible applications has led to the development of a large variety of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs), which can, in principle, come into close contact with humans and be dispersed in the environment. The nanomaterials interact with the surrounding environment, this being either the proteins and/or cells in a biological medium or the matrix constituent in a dispersion or composite, and an interface is formed whose properties depend on the physicochemical interactions and on colloidal forces. The development of predictive relationships between the characteristics of individual MNMs and their potential practical use critically depends on how the key parameters of MNMs, such as the size, shape, surface chemistry, surface charge, surface coating, etc., affect the behavior in a test medium. This relationship between the biophysicochemical properties of the MNMs and their practical use is defined as their functionality; understanding this relationship is very important for the safe use of these nanomaterials. In this mini review, we attempt to identify the key parameters of nanomaterials and establish a relationship between these and the main MNM functionalities, which would play an important role in the safe design of MNMs; thus, reducing the possible health and environmental risks early on in the innovation process, when the functionality of a nanomaterial and its toxicity/safety will be taken into account in an integrated way. This review aims to contribute to a decision tree strategy for the optimum design of safe nanomaterials, by going beyond the compromise between functionality and safety.
新型合成方法的发展以及可能应用范围的扩大，导致了各种各样人造纳米材料（MNMs）的开发，原则上，这些纳米材料可能与人类密切接触并分散在环境中。纳米材料与周围环境相互作用，这种环境可以是生物介质中的蛋白质和/或细胞，也可以是分散体或复合材料中的基质成分，并且会形成一个界面，其性质取决于物理化学相互作用和胶体作用力。建立单个MNMs的特性与其潜在实际用途之间的预测关系，关键取决于MNMs的关键参数，如尺寸、形状、表面化学、表面电荷、表面涂层等，如何影响测试介质中的行为。MNMs的生物物理化学性质与其实际用途之间的这种关系被定义为它们的功能；理解这种关系对于安全使用这些纳米材料非常重要。在这篇小型综述中，我们试图确定纳米材料的关键参数，并建立这些参数与主要MNM功能之间的关系，这将在MNMs的安全设计中发挥重要作用；从而在创新过程的早期就降低可能的健康和环境风险，届时将综合考虑纳米材料的功能及其毒性/安全性。本综述旨在通过超越功能与安全之间的折衷，为安全纳米材料的优化设计贡献一种决策树策略。
