Ingenious Ingredients L.P., Lewisville, TX 75056, USA.
Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA.
Nutrients. 2022 Feb 20;14(4):893. doi: 10.3390/nu14040893.
Paraxanthine is a natural dietary ingredient and the main metabolite of caffeine in humans. Compared to caffeine, paraxanthine exhibits lower toxicity, lesser anxiogenic properties, stronger locomotor activating effects, greater wake promoting properties, and stronger dopaminergic effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of paraxanthine supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and endurance performance in comparison to the control and other ingredients commonly used by athletes: L-theanine, alpha-GPC, and taurine. Male Swiss Albino mice from five groups ( = 8 per group) were orally administered paraxanthine (20.5 mg/kg/day, human equivalence dose (HED) 100 mg), L-theanine (10.28 mg/kg/day, HED 50 mg), alpha-GPC (41.09 mg/kg/day, HED 200 mg), taurine (102.75 mg/kg/day, HED 500 mg), or control (carboxy methyl cellulose) for 4 weeks. Exercise performance was evaluated using forelimb grip strength and treadmill endurance exercise. All animals were subject to treadmill training for 60 min 5 days per week. Blood draws were utilized to analyze lipid profile, liver health, renal function, and nitric oxide levels. Paraxanthine significantly increased forelimb grip strength by 17% ( < 0.001), treadmill exercise performance by 39% ( < 0.001), gastrocnemius and soleus muscle mass by 14% and 41% respectively (both < 0.001), and nitric oxide levels by 100% compared to control ( < 0.001), while reducing triglyceride ( < 0.001), total cholesterol ( < 0.001), LDL ( < 0.05), and increasing HDL ( < 0.001) compared to control, and compared to L-theanine, alpha-GPC, and taurine. Results from this initial investigation indicate that, when compared to the control, L-theanine, alpha-GPC, and taurine, paraxanthine is an effective ingredient for various aspects of sports performance and may enhance cardiovascular health.
可可碱是一种天然的饮食成分，也是人体中咖啡因的主要代谢物。与咖啡因相比，可可碱的毒性更低，致焦虑作用更小，运动激活作用更强，促进觉醒作用更强，多巴胺能作用更强。本研究旨在评估可可碱补充剂对肌肉质量、力量和耐力表现的潜在有益影响，并与运动员常用的其他成分（L-茶氨酸、α-GPC 和牛磺酸）进行比较。来自五组的雄性瑞士白化小鼠（每组 8 只）口服可可碱（20.5mg/kg/天，人体等效剂量（HED）100mg）、L-茶氨酸（10.28mg/kg/天，HED 50mg）、α-GPC（41.09mg/kg/天，HED 200mg）、牛磺酸（102.75mg/kg/天，HED 500mg）或对照（羧甲基纤维素），为期 4 周。使用前肢握力和跑步机耐力运动来评估运动表现。所有动物每周进行 5 天、每天 60 分钟的跑步机训练。采集血液样本以分析血脂谱、肝功能、肾功能和一氧化氮水平。与对照组相比，可可碱可使前肢握力显著增加 17%（<0.001），跑步机运动表现显著增加 39%（<0.001），比目鱼肌和腓肠肌质量分别增加 14%和 41%（均<0.001），并使一氧化氮水平增加 100%（<0.001），同时降低甘油三酯（<0.001）、总胆固醇（<0.001）、LDL（<0.05）和增加 HDL（<0.001）与对照组相比，与 L-茶氨酸、α-GPC 和牛磺酸相比。这项初步研究的结果表明，与对照组、L-茶氨酸、α-GPC 和牛磺酸相比，可可碱是一种有效的运动表现成分，可增强心血管健康。
