College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Feb 19;23(4):2311. doi: 10.3390/ijms23042311.
Bacteria and viruses are both important pathogens causing intestinal infections, and studies on their pathogenic mechanisms tend to focus on one pathogen alone. However, bacterial and viral co-infections occur frequently in clinical settings, and infection by one pathogen can affect the severity of infection by another pathogen, either directly or indirectly. The presence of synergistic or antagonistic effects of two pathogens in co-infection can affect disease progression to varying degrees. The triad of bacterial-viral-gut interactions involves multiple aspects of inflammatory and immune signaling, neuroimmunity, nutritional immunity, and the gut microbiome. In this review, we discussed the different scenarios triggered by different orders of bacterial and viral infections in the gut and summarized the possible mechanisms of synergy or antagonism involved in their co-infection. We also explored the regulatory mechanisms of bacterial-viral co-infection at the host intestinal immune interface from multiple perspectives.
细菌和病毒都是引起肠道感染的重要病原体，其致病机制的研究往往侧重于单一病原体。然而，细菌和病毒的混合感染在临床实践中经常发生，一种病原体的感染会直接或间接影响另一种病原体感染的严重程度。两种病原体在混合感染中协同或拮抗作用的存在会在不同程度上影响疾病的进展。细菌-病毒-肠道相互作用的三联体涉及炎症和免疫信号、神经免疫、营养免疫和肠道微生物组的多个方面。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了肠道中不同顺序的细菌和病毒感染引发的不同情况，并总结了它们混合感染中涉及的协同或拮抗作用的可能机制。我们还从多个角度探讨了宿主肠道免疫界面中细菌-病毒共感染的调控机制。
