Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Sichuan Province and Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Feb 23;23(5):2461. doi: 10.3390/ijms23052461.
Exosomes are a subset of nano-sized extracellular vesicles originating from endosomes. Exosomes mediate cell-to-cell communication with their cargos, which includes mRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs. Exosomal RNAs have cell specificity and reflect the conditions of their donor cells. Notably, their detection in biofluids can be used as a diagnostic marker for various diseases. Exosomal RNAs are ideal biomarkers because their surrounding membranes confer stability and they are detectable in almost all biofluids, which helps to reduce trauma and avoid invasive examinations. However, knowledge of exosomal biomarkers remains scarce. The present review summarizes the biogenesis, secretion, and uptake of exosomes, the current researches exploring exosomal mRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of human diseases, as well as recent techniques of exosome isolation.
外泌体是起源于内体的纳米大小细胞外囊泡的一个子集。外泌体通过其携带的货物（包括 mRNAs、miRNAs、lncRNAs 和 circRNAs）来介导细胞间通讯。外泌体 RNA 具有细胞特异性，并反映其供体细胞的状态。值得注意的是，它们在生物体液中的检测可用作各种疾病的诊断标志物。外泌体 RNA 是理想的生物标志物，因为它们周围的膜赋予其稳定性，并且几乎可以在所有生物体液中检测到，这有助于减少创伤并避免有创检查。然而，外泌体生物标志物的知识仍然匮乏。本综述总结了外泌体的生物发生、分泌和摄取，以及目前探索外泌体 mRNAs、miRNAs、lncRNAs 和 circRNAs 作为人类疾病诊断潜在生物标志物的研究，以及外泌体分离的最新技术。
