Ashraf Hina, Batool Tanzeela, Anjum Tehmina, Illyas Aqsa, Li Guihua, Naseem Shahzad, Riaz Saira
Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Front Microbiol. 2022 Mar 3;13:754292. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.754292. eCollection 2022.
Tomato plants are prone to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Fusarium wilt is one of the most devasting diseases of tomatoes caused by f. sp. , causing high yield and economic losses annually. Magnetite nanoparticles (FeO NPs) are one of the potent candidates to inhibit fungal infection by improving plant growth parameters. Spinach has been used as a starting material to synthesize green-synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). Various extracts, i.e., pomegranate juice, white vinegar, pomegranate peel, black coffee (BC), aloe vera peel, and aspirin, had been used as reducing/stabilizing agents to tune the properties of the FeO NPs. After utilizing spinach as a precursor and BC as a reducing agent, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern showed cubic magnetite (FeO) phase. Spherical-shaped nanoparticles (∼20 nm) with superparamagnetic nature indicated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) monographs, whereas energy-dispersive X-ray gives good elemental composition in FeO NPs. A characteristic band of Fe-O at ∼ 561 cm was exhibited by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results confirmed the binding energies of Fe 2p (∼710.9 eV) and Fe 2p (∼724.5 eV) while, Raman bands at ∼310 cm (T ), ∼550 cm (T ), and 670 cm (A ) indicated the formation of FeO NPs synthesized using BC extract. The activity of BC-FeO NPs significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of both at the third and seventh day after incubation, in a dose-dependent manner. studies also exhibited a substantial reduction in disease severity and incidence by improving plant growth parameters after treatment with different concentrations of BC-FeO NPs. The increasing tendency in enzymatic activities had been measured after treatment with different concentrations of NPs both in roots and shoot of tomato plants as compared to the control. Correspondingly, the upregulation of PR-proteins and defense genes are in line with the results of the enzymatic activities. The outcome of the present findings suggests that FeO NPs has the potential to control wilt infection by enhancing plant growth. Hence, FeO NPs, being non-phytotoxic, have impending scope in the agriculture sector to attain higher yield by managing plant diseases.
番茄植株容易受到各种生物和非生物胁迫。枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌引起的番茄最具毁灭性的病害之一，每年都会导致产量和经济损失。磁铁矿纳米颗粒（Fe₃O₄ NPs）是通过改善植物生长参数来抑制真菌感染的有力候选物之一。菠菜已被用作合成绿色铁氧化物纳米颗粒（IONPs）的起始材料。各种提取物，如石榴汁、白醋、石榴皮、黑咖啡（BC）、芦荟皮和阿司匹林，已被用作还原剂/稳定剂来调节Fe₃O₄ NPs的性质。以菠菜为前驱体、BC为还原剂后，X射线衍射（XRD）图谱显示为立方磁铁矿（Fe₃O₄）相。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）图谱显示为具有超顺磁性的球形纳米颗粒（约20纳米），而能量色散X射线能给出Fe₃O₄ NPs良好的元素组成。傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱显示在约561厘米处有Fe - O的特征峰。X射线光电子能谱（XPS）结果证实了Fe 2p（约710.9电子伏特）和Fe 2p（约724.5电子伏特）的结合能，而在约310厘米（T₂g）、约550厘米（T₂g）和670厘米（A₁g）处的拉曼峰表明使用BC提取物合成了Fe₃O₄ NPs。BC - Fe₃O₄ NPs的活性在培养后的第三天和第七天均以剂量依赖的方式显著抑制了尖孢镰刀菌的菌丝生长。研究还表明，用不同浓度的BC - Fe₃O₄ NPs处理后，通过改善植物生长参数，病害严重程度和发病率大幅降低。与对照相比，用不同浓度的纳米颗粒处理番茄植株的根和地上部分后，酶活性呈现增加趋势。相应地，病程相关蛋白（PR - 蛋白）和防御基因的上调与酶活性结果一致。本研究结果表明，Fe₃O₄ NPs有通过增强植物生长来控制枯萎病感染的潜力。因此，Fe₃O₄ NPs由于无植物毒性，在农业领域通过管理植物病害来实现更高产量方面具有广阔前景。
