Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Front Immunol. 2022 Mar 7;13:818538. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818538. eCollection 2022.
Extracellular vesicles are mediators of cell-cell communication playing a key role in both steady-state and disease conditions. Extracellular vesicles carry diverse donor-derived cargos, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids that induce a complex network of signals in recipient cells. Due to their ability to capture particulate matter and/or capacity to polarize and orchestrate tissue responses, myeloid immune cells (e.g., dendritic cells, macrophages, etc.) rapidly respond to extracellular vesicles, driving local and systemic effects. In cancer, myeloid-extracellular vesicle communication contributes to chronic inflammation, self-tolerance, and therapeutic resistance while in autoimmune disease, extracellular vesicles support inflammation and tissue destruction. Here, we review cellular mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles modulate myeloid immunity in cancer and autoimmune disease, highlighting some contradictory results and outstanding questions. We will also summarize how understanding of extracellular vesicle biology is being utilized for novel therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
细胞外囊泡是细胞间通讯的介质，在稳态和疾病状态中都起着关键作用。细胞外囊泡携带多种供体衍生的货物，包括 DNA、RNA、蛋白质和脂质，这些货物在受体细胞中诱导复杂的信号网络。由于其捕获颗粒物质的能力和/或极化和协调组织反应的能力，髓样免疫细胞（例如树突状细胞、巨噬细胞等）能迅速对外界囊泡做出反应，从而引发局部和全身的效应。在癌症中，髓样细胞-细胞外囊泡的通讯导致慢性炎症、自身耐受和治疗抵抗，而在自身免疫性疾病中，细胞外囊泡则支持炎症和组织破坏。在这里，我们综述了细胞外囊泡调节癌症和自身免疫性疾病中髓样免疫的细胞机制，强调了一些矛盾的结果和悬而未决的问题。我们还将总结如何利用对外界囊泡生物学的理解来进行新的治疗和诊断应用。
