Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal.
Municipality of Sertã, 6100-738 Sertã, Portugal.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Mar 13;19(6):3377. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19063377.
Scientific evidence has shown that physical exercise is an effective way of improving several cardiovascular disease markers. However, few studies have tested its effectiveness when performed in aquatic environments. The purpose of this study was to test the impact of different aquatic exercise programs on the intima-media thickness of carotid arteries (IMT) and hemodynamic and biochemical markers of cardiovascular diseases in community-dwelling older persons. A total of 102 participants were randomly allocated into four groups: an aerobic exercise group (AerG) ( = 25, 71.44 ± 4.84 years); an aerobic interval group (IntG) ( = 28, 72.64 ± 5.22 years); a combined group (ComG) ( = 29, 71.90 ± 5.67 years); and a control group (CG) ( = 20, 73.60 ± 5.25 years). The AerG, IntG, and ComG participants took part in three different aquatic exercise programs for 28 weeks. The CG participants maintained their usual routines. All participants were evaluated for IMT, blood pressure, lipid profile, and MCP-1 and MIP-1α chemokines, pre- and post-intervention. Significant differences were found in the AerG for diastolic diameter (DD), in the IntG for peak systolic velocity (PSV), and in the ComG for DD and end-diastolic velocity (EDV). Regarding blood pressure, significant differences were found in AerG for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP); in IntG for DBP; and in ComG for SBP, DBP, and heart rate (HR). Significant differences were found in the AerG and IntG for glucose (GLU). Lower plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1α) were found in the AerG and in the ComG for MCP-1 after the intervention. Aquatic physical exercise appears to improve cardiovascular health, regardless of the type of the program adopted. Aerobic programs (combined and continuous aerobic exercises) seemed to have a more beneficial effect in reducing important cardiovascular risk markers.
科学证据表明，体育锻炼是改善多种心血管疾病标志物的有效方法。然而，很少有研究测试其在水环境中进行的效果。本研究旨在测试不同的水上运动方案对社区居住的老年人颈动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）以及心血管疾病的血液动力学和生化标志物的影响。共有 102 名参与者被随机分配到四个组：有氧运动组（AerG）（n=25，71.44±4.84 岁）；间歇有氧运动组（IntG）（n=28，72.64±5.22 岁）；综合运动组（ComG）（n=29，71.90±5.67 岁）；和对照组（CG）（n=20，73.60±5.25 岁）。AerG、IntG 和 ComG 组的参与者参加了三种不同的水上运动方案，为期 28 周。CG 组保持他们的日常习惯。所有参与者在干预前后均评估了 IMT、血压、血脂谱以及 MCP-1 和 MIP-1α趋化因子。在 AerG 组中，舒张直径（DD）有显著差异；在 IntG 组中，收缩期峰值速度（PSV）有显著差异；在 ComG 组中，DD 和舒张末期速度（EDV）有显著差异。关于血压，在 AerG 组中，收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（DBP）有显著差异；在 IntG 组中，DBP 有显著差异；在 ComG 组中，SBP、DBP 和心率（HR）有显著差异。在 AerG 和 IntG 组中，血糖（GLU）有显著差异。干预后，AerG 和 ComG 组的单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）和巨噬细胞炎症蛋白（MIP-1α）的血浆水平降低。水上体育锻炼似乎改善了心血管健康，无论采用何种运动方案。有氧方案（联合和连续有氧运动）似乎在降低重要的心血管风险标志物方面有更有益的效果。
