Almawash Saud, Osman Shaaban K, Mustafa Gulam, El Hamd Mohamed A
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022 Mar 18;15(3):371. doi: 10.3390/ph15030371.
Injectable hydrogels (IHs) are smart biomaterials and are the most widely investigated and versatile technologies, which can be either implanted or inserted into living bodies with minimal invasion. Their unique features, tunable structure and stimuli-responsive biodegradation properties make these IHs promising in many biomedical applications, including tissue engineering, regenerative medicines, implants, drug/protein/gene delivery, cancer treatment, aesthetic corrections and spinal fusions. In this review, we comprehensively analyze the current development of several important types of IHs, including all those that have received FDA approval, are under clinical trials or are available commercially on the market. We also analyze the structural chemistry, synthesis, bonding, chemical/physical crosslinking and responsive release in association with current prospective research. Finally, we also review IHs' associated future prospects, hurdles, limitations and challenges in their development, fabrication, synthesis, in situ applications and regulatory affairs.
可注射水凝胶（IHs）是智能生物材料，是研究最为广泛且用途多样的技术，能够以微创方式植入或插入活体。它们独特的特性、可调节的结构以及刺激响应性生物降解特性使这些可注射水凝胶在许多生物医学应用中具有广阔前景，包括组织工程、再生医学、植入物、药物/蛋白质/基因递送、癌症治疗、美容矫正和脊柱融合。在本综述中，我们全面分析了几种重要类型可注射水凝胶的当前发展情况，包括所有已获得美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准、正在进行临床试验或已在市场上商业化的产品。我们还结合当前的前瞻性研究分析了其结构化学、合成、键合、化学/物理交联和响应释放。最后，我们还综述了可注射水凝胶在其开发、制造、合成、原位应用和监管事务方面的相关未来前景、障碍、限制和挑战。
