The Effects of Vitamins and Micronutrients on Pathogenicity, Survival, and Eradication: A Crosstalk between Micronutrients and Immune System.

as a class I carcinogen is correlated with a variety of severe gastroduodenal diseases; therefore, eradication has become a priority to prevent gastric carcinogenesis. However, due to the emergence and spread of multidrug and single drug resistance mechanisms in , as well as serious side effects of currently used antibiotic interventions, achieving successful eradication has become exceedingly difficult. Recent studies expressed the intention of seeking novel strategies to improve management and reduce the risk of -associated intestinal and extragastrointestinal disorders. For which, vitamin supplementation has been demonstrated in many studies to have a tight interaction with infection, either directly through the regulation of the host inflammatory pathways or indirectly by promoting the host immune response. On the other hand, infection is reported to result in micronutrient malabsorption or deficiency. Furthermore, serum levels of particular micronutrients, especially vitamin D, are inversely correlated to the risk of infection and eradication failure. Accordingly, vitamin supplementation might increase the efficiency of eradication and reduce the risk of drug-related adverse effects. Therefore, this review aims at highlighting the regulatory role of micronutrients in -induced host immune response and their potential capacity, as intrinsic antioxidants, for reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. We also discuss the uncovered mechanisms underlying the molecular and serological interactions between micronutrients and infection to present a perspective for innovative in vitro investigations, as well as novel clinical implications.