Ball Elena, Steffens Melanie C, Niedlich Claudia
Social, Environmental, and Economic Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany.
Front Psychol. 2022 Mar 24;13:789661. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.789661. eCollection 2022.
Concerning race and its intertwinements with gender, sexual orientation, class, accents, or ability there is a scarcity of social psychological research in Europe. With an intersectional approach studying racism in Europe it is possible to detect specific experiences of discrimination. The prevalent understanding of European racism is connected to migration from the former colonies to the European metropoles and the post-Second-World-War immigration of 'guest workers.' Thus, the focus of this research is on work-related discrimination. Against the background of a short historical review, we present the results of the few existing studies on intersectional discrimination within the labor market in Europe and discuss their implications. The pattern of findings is more complex than the assumption that individuals belonging to two or more marginalized social categories are always the most discriminated ones. Gender, sexual orientation, and origin rather interact with the specific job context. These interactions determine whether minority individuals are discriminated against or even preferred over individuals belonging to the majority group. We argue that considering the stereotype content model and social-identity theory helps to structure the sometimes contradictory results of intersectionality research. Therefore, the review presents new perspectives on racism in Europe based on current research, develops hypotheses on the interplay of intersecting identities, and identifies four novel research questions based on racist attributions considering situational variables: These are the role of concrete job contexts in explaining (no) discrimination, the influence of different stereotypes regarding marginalized groups, the explanatory value of sexual orientation as well as class or socioeconomic-status and age in terms of some patterns of results.
关于种族及其与性别、性取向、阶级、口音或能力的交织关系，欧洲的社会心理学研究较为匮乏。采用交叉性方法研究欧洲的种族主义，有助于发现特定的歧视经历。欧洲对种族主义的普遍理解与从前殖民地向欧洲大都市的移民以及二战后“外来务工人员”的移民有关。因此，本研究的重点是与工作相关的歧视。在简短的历史回顾背景下，我们呈现了欧洲劳动力市场内关于交叉性歧视的少数现有研究结果，并讨论了其影响。研究结果的模式比那种认为属于两个或更多边缘化社会类别的个体总是最受歧视的假设更为复杂。性别、性取向和出身反而与特定的工作环境相互作用。这些相互作用决定了少数群体个体是受到歧视还是甚至比多数群体个体更受青睐。我们认为，考虑刻板印象内容模型和社会认同理论有助于梳理交叉性研究中有时相互矛盾的结果。因此，本综述基于当前研究提出了关于欧洲种族主义的新视角；就交叉身份的相互作用提出了假设；并基于考虑情境变量的种族主义归因确定了四个新的研究问题：这些问题包括具体工作环境在解释（无）歧视方面的作用、关于边缘化群体的不同刻板印象的影响、性取向以及阶级或社会经济地位和年龄在某些结果模式方面的解释价值。
