Lloret-Pineda Amanda, He Yuelu, Haro Josep Maria, Cristóbal-Narváez Paula
Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
Centre for Biomedical Research on Mental Health, Madrid, Spain.
JMIR Form Res. 2022 May 19;6(5):e29183. doi: 10.2196/29183.
When the first COVID-19 cases were noticed in China, many racist comments against Chinese individuals spread. As there is a huge need to better comprehend why all of these targeted comments and opinions developed specifically at the start of the outbreak, we sought to carefully examine racism and advocacy efforts on Twitter in the first quarter of 2020 (January 15 to March 3, 2020).
The first research question aimed to understand the main type of racism displayed on Twitter during the first quarter of 2020. The second research question focused on evaluating Twitter users' positive and negative responses regarding racism toward Chinese individuals.
Content analysis of tweets was utilized to address the two research questions. Using the NCapture browser link and NVivo software, tweets in English and Spanish were pulled from the Twitter data stream from January 15 to March 3, 2020. A total of 19,150 tweets were captured using the advanced Twitter search engine with the keywords and hashtags #nosoyunvirus, #imNotAVirus, #ChineseDon'tComeToJapan, #racism, "No soy un virus," and "Racismo Coronavirus." After cleaning the data, a total of 402 tweets were codified and analyzed.
The data confirmed clear sentiments of racism against Chinese individuals during the first quarter of 2020. The tweets displayed individual, cultural, and institutional racism. Individual racism was the most commonly reported form of racism, specifically displaying physical and verbal aggression. As a form of resistance, Twitter users created spaces for advocacy and activism. The hashtag "I am not a virus" helped to break stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination on Twitter.
Advocacy efforts were enormous both inside and outside the Chinese community; an allyship sentiment was fostered by some white users, and an identification with the oppression experienced by the Chinese population was expressed in the Black and Muslim worldwide communities. Activism through social media manifested through art, food sharing, and community support.
当中国首次发现新冠病毒病例时，针对华人的许多种族主义言论开始传播。由于迫切需要更好地理解为何所有这些针对性的言论和观点在疫情爆发之初就特别出现，我们试图仔细研究2020年第一季度（2020年1月15日至3月3日）推特上的种族主义及相关支持行动。
第一个研究问题旨在了解2020年第一季度推特上表现出的主要种族主义类型。第二个研究问题聚焦于评估推特用户对针对华人的种族主义的积极和消极反应。
利用推文内容分析来解决这两个研究问题。通过NCapture浏览器链接和NVivo软件，从2020年1月15日至3月3日的推特数据流中提取英文和西班牙文推文。使用高级推特搜索引擎，以关键词和主题标签#nosoyunvirus、#imNotAVirus、#ChineseDon'tComeToJapan、#racism、“No soy un virus”和“Racismo Coronavirus”共捕获了19150条推文。在清理数据后，共对402条推文进行了编码和分析。
数据证实了2020年第一季度存在针对华人的明显种族主义情绪。这些推文表现出个人、文化和制度层面的种族主义。个人种族主义是最常被报道的种族主义形式，具体表现为身体和言语上的攻击。作为一种抵抗形式，推特用户创建了支持和行动主义的空间。主题标签“我不是病毒”有助于打破推特上的刻板印象、偏见和歧视。
华人社区内外的支持行动非常巨大；一些白人用户表达了同盟情感，全球黑人和穆斯林社区也表达了对华人所遭受压迫的认同。通过社交媒体的行动主义表现为艺术、食物分享和社区支持。
