Sulfated heteropolysaccharides from : Structural characterization and transcript-metabolite profiling of immunostimulatory effects on RAW264.7 cells.

Investigation of the polysaccharides from an edible marine brown algae has led to obtaining three fractional sulfated polysaccharides UPPs 1-3 with molecular weights of 7.212 kDa, 13.924 kDa, and 55.875 kDa, respectively. All UPPs are composed of galactose, xylose, glucose, mannose, glucuronic acid, and mannuronic acid, while UPP-3 also consisted of fucose, arabinose, and fructose. The immunostimulatory assay revealed that UPP-3 had important effects on cell viability, nitric oxide levels, and secretion of cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, the transcript-metabolite data along with western blot and immunofluorescent staining revealed that UPP-3 could stimulate the Toll-like receptor (TLR4) associated with the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65 signaling pathway of RAW264.7 cells. These findings of the immunomodulatory sulfated polysaccharide will provide a basic understanding to further exploitation of polysaccharides.