Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, UP, India.
Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology Lab, Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk E3 05-12, 2 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117581, Singapore.
Biomater Adv. 2022 Mar;134:112579. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112579. Epub 2021 Dec 1.
Exosomes (30-150 nm in diameter) a subset of extracellular vesicles, secreted by mostly all cells, have been gaining enormous recognition from the last decade. In recent times, several studies have included exosomes to design novel therapeutic applications along with their contribution to diagnostic evaluations and pathophysiological processes. Based on cell origin, they show diverse functions and characteristics. This article is classified into several sections that include exosomes biogenesis, isolation methods, and application as therapeutic tools, commercialized exosome products, clinical trials, benefits, and challenges faced in the progress of exosome-dependent therapeutics. This work aims to give a thorough review of the numerous studies where exosomes act as therapeutic tools in the treatment of various disorders including heart, kidney, liver, and lung illnesses. The clinical trials involving exosomes, their advantages, and hazards, and difficulties involved during storage and large-scale production, applications of nanotechnology in exosome research while applying for therapeutic applications, and future directions are summarized.
外泌体（直径 30-150nm）是细胞外囊泡的一个子集，主要由所有细胞分泌，在过去十年中得到了广泛的认可。最近，有几项研究将外泌体纳入其中，以设计新的治疗应用，同时也为诊断评估和病理生理过程做出了贡献。根据细胞来源，它们表现出不同的功能和特征。本文分为几个部分，包括外泌体的生物发生、分离方法以及作为治疗工具的应用、商业化的外泌体产品、临床试验、外泌体依赖性治疗进展中面临的益处和挑战。本文旨在对大量研究进行全面综述，这些研究表明外泌体在治疗各种疾病（包括心脏、肾脏、肝脏和肺部疾病）中可作为治疗工具。本文还总结了涉及外泌体的临床试验、它们的优势和风险，以及在储存和大规模生产过程中涉及的困难，纳米技术在外泌体研究中的应用，以及在申请治疗应用时的未来方向。
