Raza Sayed Haidar Abbas, Hassanin Abdallah A, Pant Sameer D, Bing Sun, Sitohy Mahmoud Z, Abdelnour Sameh A, Alotaibi Mashael Alhumaidi, Al-Hazani Tahani Mohamed, Abd El-Aziz Ayman H, Cheng Gong, Zan Linsen
State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding & Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China.
Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022 Apr;29(4):1928-1935. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.037. Epub 2021 Nov 24.
In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in genome editing applications using new programmable DNA nucleases such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like endonucleases (TALENs) and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 system (CRISPR/Cas9). These genome editing tools are capable of nicking DNA precisely by targeting specific sequences, and enable the addition, removal or substitution of nucleotides via double-stranded breakage at specific genomic loci. CRISPR/Cas system, one of the most recent genome editing tools, affords the ability to efficiently generate multiple genomic nicks in single experiment. Moreover, CRISPR/Cas systems are relatively easy and cost effective when compared to other genome editing technologies. This is in part because CRISPR/Cas systems rely on RNA-DNA binding, unlike other genome editing tools that rely on protein-DNA interactions, which affords CRISPR/Cas systems higher flexibility and more fidelity. Genome editing tools have significantly contributed to different aspects of livestock production such as disease resistance, improved performance, alterations of milk composition, animal welfare and biomedicine. However, despite these contributions and future potential, genome editing technologies also have inherent risks, and therefore, ethics and social acceptance are crucial factors associated with implementation of these technologies. This review emphasizes the impact of genome editing technologies in development of livestock breeding and production in numerous species such as cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. This review also discusses the mechanisms behind genome editing technologies, their potential applications, risks and associated ethics that should be considered in the context of livestock.
近年来，使用新型可编程DNA核酸酶，如锌指核酸酶（ZFNs）、转录激活样效应物核酸酶（TALENs）和成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列/Cas9系统（CRISPR/Cas9），在基因组编辑应用方面取得了重大进展。这些基因组编辑工具能够通过靶向特定序列精确切割DNA，并通过在特定基因组位点的双链断裂实现核苷酸的添加、去除或替换。CRISPR/Cas系统作为最新的基因组编辑工具之一，能够在单次实验中高效地产生多个基因组切口。此外，与其他基因组编辑技术相比，CRISPR/Cas系统相对简单且成本效益高。部分原因在于，CRISPR/Cas系统依赖RNA-DNA结合，而其他基因组编辑工具依赖蛋白质-DNA相互作用，这使得CRISPR/Cas系统具有更高的灵活性和更高的保真度。基因组编辑工具在畜牧生产的不同方面做出了重大贡献，如抗病性、性能改善、牛奶成分改变、动物福利和生物医学。然而，尽管有这些贡献和未来潜力，基因组编辑技术也存在固有风险，因此，伦理和社会接受度是与这些技术实施相关的关键因素。本综述强调了基因组编辑技术对牛、猪、羊和山羊等众多物种畜牧养殖和生产发展的影响。本综述还讨论了基因组编辑技术背后的机制、它们的潜在应用、风险以及在畜牧背景下应考虑的相关伦理问题。
