Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2022 Apr;135:112689. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112689. Epub 2022 Jan 31.
Diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease by electrochemical nanoaptasensors have recently received abundant attention. In this review, all recent nanomaterial-based electrochemical aptasensors developed to diagnose or prognosis Alzheimer's disease have been collected, categorized, and reviewed. Analytes in these aptasensors were specific biomarkers, including amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau protein, as well as other nonspecific markers (microRNAs (miRNAs), dopamine, thrombin, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), interleukin-6, α-1 antitrypsin, α-synuclein, target DNA (tDNA), and glycated albumin). The synthesis methods of the applied nanomaterials, characterization, and applications have also been considered here. Gold nanostructures were the most nanomaterials applied in the structure of considered aptasensors. The use of the most optimal nanomaterials in the structure of these diagnostic tools has been dependent on various parameters, the most important of which are the type of signal transducer and the functional group related to the biorecognition element. In general, the choice of nanomaterials in these biosensors depends on interactions between nanomaterials and other molecules or environments. Indeed, with the assistance of nanomaterials, more expansive active surfaces have been created in the interactions of aptasensors components that have played a very positive and efficient role in amplifying the output signals and increasing the analytical/diagnostic sensitivity. The diagnostic mechanisms and the interaction between the various components of aptasensors and the nanomaterials' position were also considered. The main achievements were classification, analysis, and scheming of the elements and techniques used, the possibility of comparing detection range, and the limit of detection (LOD).
电化学纳米适体传感器在阿尔茨海默病的诊断和预后方面的应用受到了广泛关注。本综述收集、分类和回顾了所有最近开发的基于纳米材料的电化学适体传感器，用于诊断或预测阿尔茨海默病。这些适体传感器中的分析物是特定的生物标志物，包括淀粉样蛋白-β (Aβ) 和tau 蛋白，以及其他非特异性标志物（microRNAs (miRNAs)、多巴胺、凝血酶、三磷酸腺苷 (ATP)、白细胞介素-6、α-1 抗胰蛋白酶、α-突触核蛋白、靶 DNA (tDNA) 和糖化白蛋白）。还考虑了应用纳米材料的合成方法、表征和应用。金纳米结构是应用于考虑的适体传感器结构的最常用纳米材料。在这些诊断工具的结构中使用最优化的纳米材料取决于各种参数，其中最重要的是信号转换器的类型和与生物识别元件相关的官能团。一般来说，这些生物传感器中纳米材料的选择取决于纳米材料与其他分子或环境之间的相互作用。实际上，在适体传感器组件的相互作用中，纳米材料的辅助创造了更广阔的活性表面，在放大输出信号和提高分析/诊断灵敏度方面发挥了非常积极和有效的作用。还考虑了适体传感器各个组件之间的诊断机制和相互作用以及纳米材料的位置。主要成果是分类、分析和规划所使用的元素和技术，比较检测范围和检测限 (LOD) 的可能性。
