Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, New York.
Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
Pediatrics. 2022 Jun 1;149(6). doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-054068.
To review and meta-analyze existing evidence regarding the impact of school start times (SSTs) on youth sleep and developmental outcomes considering the moderating effects of youth and school characteristics. Scopus, ScienceDirect, JSTOR, Pubmed, PsychInfo, ERIC, Proquest, EBSCO, and Google Scholar were used through 2019 to select studies measuring (1) school start time and (2) sleep or other developmental outcomes. Data from 28 studies and 1 774 509 participants were extracted and analyzed using random-effects models with robust variance estimation.
Later SSTs were associated with better overall developmental outcomes, longer sleep duration, and less negative mood. Specifically, new SSTs between 8:30 and 8:59 were associated with better outcomes than 8:00 to 8:29 start times. Later SSTs were more strongly associated with lower levels of sleepiness for high school (versus middle school) youth, and youth in private (versus public) schools reported better sleep and later wake times with later SSTs. Although this meta-analysis suggests an overall benefit of later SSTs, there was limited research to test outcomes such as sleep hygiene, naps, and behavioral and physical health outcomes.
There is converging evidence that later SSTs are associated with better overall developmental outcomes, longer sleep duration, and less negative mood. More research needs to consider student and school characteristics to obtain reliable estimates related to possible differences by sex, race, school size, percent free/reduced lunch, and percent minority.
回顾和荟萃分析现有的证据，研究考虑到青少年和学校特征的调节作用，学校开始时间（SST）对青少年睡眠和发展结果的影响。使用 Scopus、ScienceDirect、JSTOR、Pubmed、PsychInfo、ERIC、Proquest、EBSCO 和 Google Scholar，通过 2019 年选择研究测量（1）学校开始时间和（2）睡眠或其他发展结果。从 28 项研究和 1774509 名参与者中提取数据，并使用随机效应模型和稳健方差估计进行分析。
较晚的 SST 与更好的整体发展结果、更长的睡眠时间和更少的负面情绪有关。具体来说，新的 SST 时间在 8:30 至 8:59 之间与 8:00 至 8:29 之间的开始时间相比，与更好的结果相关。对于高中生（与初中生相比）和私立学校（与公立学校相比）的青少年，较晚的 SST 与较低的困倦水平更为相关，他们报告说较晚的 SST 与更好的睡眠和较晚的醒来时间相关。虽然这项荟萃分析表明较晚的 SST 总体上有益，但仍有有限的研究来测试睡眠卫生、小睡以及行为和身体健康结果等结果。
越来越多的证据表明，较晚的 SST 与更好的整体发展结果、更长的睡眠时间和更少的负面情绪有关。需要更多的研究来考虑学生和学校的特点，以获得与性别、种族、学校规模、免费/折扣午餐比例和少数民族比例等可能差异相关的可靠估计。
