Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Dr. Humberto Torres Sanginés S/N, Centro Cívico, 21000, Mexicali, Baja California, México.
Facultad de Odontología Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, México.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2023 Apr;201(4):1596-1614. doi: 10.1007/s12011-022-03290-8. Epub 2022 Jun 6.
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infection can activate innate and adaptive immune responses and result in massive inflammatory responses in the disease. A comprehensive understanding of the participation of micronutrients in the immune response to COVID-19 will allow the creation of prevention and supplementation scenarios in malnutrition states. Microelement deficiency can be decisive in the progression of diseases and their optimal levels can act as protective factors, helping to maintain homeostasis. Vitamin A, B, D, selenium, zinc, and copper, through their complementary and synergistic effects, allow the components of innate and adaptive immunity to counteract infections like those occurring in the respiratory tract.Thus, alterations in nutritional status are related to metabolic diseases, systemic inflammation, and deterioration of the immune system that alter the response against viral infections, such as COVID-19. The aim of this review is to describe the micronutrients that play an important role as immunomodulators and its relationship between malnutrition and the development of respiratory infections with an emphasis on severe and critical COVID-19. We conclude that although an unbalanced diet is not the only risk factor that predisposes to COVID-19, a correct and balanced diet, which provides the optimal amount of micronutrients and favors an adequate nutritional status, could confer beneficial effects for prevention and improvement of clinical results. The potential usefulness of micronutrient supplementation in special cases is highlighted.
严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 引起 2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19)。SARS-CoV-2 感染可激活固有和适应性免疫反应，并导致疾病中发生大规模炎症反应。全面了解微量营养素在 COVID-19 免疫反应中的参与情况，将允许在营养不良状态下制定预防和补充方案。微量元素缺乏在疾病进展中可能具有决定性作用，其最佳水平可作为保护因素，有助于维持体内平衡。维生素 A、B、D、硒、锌和铜通过其互补和协同作用，使固有和适应性免疫的成分能够抵抗呼吸道感染等感染。因此，营养状况的改变与代谢疾病、全身炎症和免疫系统恶化有关，这些改变会改变对病毒感染（如 COVID-19）的反应。本综述的目的是描述作为免疫调节剂发挥重要作用的微量营养素及其与营养不良和呼吸道感染发展之间的关系，重点是严重和危急的 COVID-19。我们得出结论，尽管不平衡的饮食不是导致 COVID-19 的唯一危险因素，但正确和均衡的饮食，提供适量的微量营养素并有利于适当的营养状况，可以对预防和改善临床结果产生有益的影响。强调了在特殊情况下补充微量营养素的潜在有用性。
