Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy.
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique & Structurale, Aix-Marseille University, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256, IMM, IM2B, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 9, France.
Chem Rev. 2022 Oct 26;122(20):15717-15766. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00118. Epub 2022 Jul 12.
Viruses are a heterogeneous ensemble of entities, all sharing the need for a suitable host to replicate. They are extremely diverse, varying in morphology, size, nature, and complexity of their genomic content. Typically, viruses use host-encoded glycosyltransferases and glycosidases to add and remove sugar residues from their glycoproteins. Thus, the structure of the glycans on the viral proteins have, to date, typically been considered to mimick those of the host. However, the more recently discovered large and giant viruses differ from this paradigm. At least some of these viruses code for an (almost) autonomous glycosylation pathway. These viral genes include those that encode the production of activated sugars, glycosyltransferases, and other enzymes able to manipulate sugars at various levels. This review focuses on large and giant viruses that produce carbohydrate-processing enzymes. A brief description of those harboring these features at the genomic level will be discussed, followed by the achievements reached with regard to the elucidation of the glycan structures, the activity of the proteins able to manipulate sugars, and the organic synthesis of some of these virus-encoded glycans. During this progression, we will also comment on many of the challenging questions on this subject that remain to be addressed.
病毒是一组具有异质性的实体，它们都需要合适的宿主来进行复制。它们具有极高的多样性，在形态、大小、性质和基因组内容的复杂性方面存在差异。通常，病毒利用宿主编码的糖基转移酶和糖苷酶，在其糖蛋白上添加和去除糖基。因此，到目前为止，病毒蛋白上聚糖的结构通常被认为模仿了宿主的结构。然而，最近发现的大型和巨型病毒却与这一模式不同。至少其中一些病毒编码了一种（几乎）自主的糖基化途径。这些病毒基因包括那些编码产生激活糖、糖基转移酶和其他能够在不同水平上操纵糖的酶的基因。这篇综述主要关注产生碳水化合物加工酶的大型和巨型病毒。将简要描述在基因组水平上具有这些特征的病毒，然后讨论阐明聚糖结构、能够操纵糖的蛋白质的活性以及其中一些病毒编码聚糖的有机合成方面所取得的成果。在这一进展过程中，我们还将就该主题中仍需解决的许多具有挑战性的问题发表评论。
