Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, United Kingdom.
Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, City, University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, United Kingdom.
Physiol Meas. 2022 Aug 19;43(8):085007. doi: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac826d.
The photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal is widely used in pulse oximeters and smartwatches. A fundamental step in analysing the PPG is the detection of heartbeats. Several PPG beat detection algorithms have been proposed, although it is not clear which performs best.This study aimed to: (i) develop a framework with which to design and test PPG beat detectors; (ii) assess the performance of PPG beat detectors in different use cases; and (iii) investigate how their performance is affected by patient demographics and physiology.Fifteen beat detectors were assessed against electrocardiogram-derived heartbeats using data from eight datasets. Performance was assessed using thescore, which combines sensitivity and positive predictive value.Eight beat detectors performed well in the absence of movement withscores of ≥90% on hospital data and wearable data collected at rest. Their performance was poorer during exercise withscores of 55%-91%; poorer in neonates than adults withscores of 84%-96% in neonates compared to 98%-99% in adults; and poorer in atrial fibrillation (AF) withscores of 92%-97% in AF compared to 99%-100% in normal sinus rhythm.Two PPG beat detectors denoted 'MSPTD' and 'qppg' performed best, with complementary performance characteristics. This evidence can be used to inform the choice of PPG beat detector algorithm. The algorithms, datasets, and assessment framework are freely available.
光体积描记图 (PPG) 信号广泛应用于脉搏血氧仪和智能手表中。分析 PPG 的一个基本步骤是检测心跳。已经提出了几种 PPG 心跳检测算法，但不清楚哪种算法的性能最好。本研究旨在：(i) 开发一个用于设计和测试 PPG 心跳检测器的框架；(ii) 评估不同用例中 PPG 心跳检测器的性能；(iii) 研究其性能如何受到患者人口统计学和生理学的影响。使用来自八个数据集的心电图衍生心跳数据评估了十五个心跳检测器。使用分数来评估性能，该分数结合了灵敏度和阳性预测值。在没有运动的情况下，有八个心跳检测器表现良好，医院数据和静止时佩戴的数据的分数≥90%。在运动期间，分数为 55%-91%；在新生儿中比成年人差，新生儿的分数为 84%-96%，而成年人的分数为 98%-99%；在心房颤动 (AF) 中比窦性心律正常的分数差，AF 的分数为 92%-97%，而窦性心律正常的分数为 99%-100%。两个 PPG 心跳检测器“MSPTD”和“qppg”表现最好，具有互补的性能特点。这一证据可以用于告知 PPG 心跳检测器算法的选择。算法、数据集和评估框架都是免费提供的。
