Conformal Prediction in Clinical Medical Sciences.

The use of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) applications in medicine has attracted a great deal of attention in the medical literature, but little is known about how to use Conformal Predictions (CP) to assess the accuracy of individual predictions in clinical applications. We performed a comprehensive search in SCOPUS® to find papers reporting the use of CP in clinical applications. We identified 14 papers reporting the use of CP for clinical applications, and we briefly describe the methods and results reported in these papers. The literature reviewed shows that CP methods can be used in clinical applications to provide important insight into the accuracy of individual predictions. Unfortunately, the review also shows that most of the studies have been performed in isolation, without input from practicing clinicians, not providing comparisons among different approaches and not considering important socio-technical considerations leading to clinical adoption.