MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Aug 5;71(31):993-999. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7131a3.
Post-COVID-19 (post-COVID) symptoms and conditions* are new, recurring, or ongoing health problems that occur 4 or more weeks after infection with SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). Previous studies have characterized and estimated the incidence of post-COVID conditions among adults (1,2), but data among children and adolescents are limited (3-8). Using a large medical claims database, CDC assessed nine potential post-COVID signs and symptoms (symptoms) and 15 potential post-COVID conditions among 781,419 U.S. children and adolescents aged 0-17 years with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 (patients with COVID-19) compared with 2,344,257 U.S. children and adolescents without recognized COVID-19 (patients without COVID-19) during March 1, 2020-January 31, 2022. The analysis identified several symptoms and conditions with elevated adjusted hazard ratios among patients with COVID-19 (compared with those without). The highest hazard ratios were recorded for acute pulmonary embolism (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 2.01), myocarditis and cardiomyopathy (1.99), venous thromboembolic event (1.87), acute and unspecified renal failure (1.32), and type 1 diabetes (1.23), all of which were rare or uncommon in this study population. Conversely, symptoms and conditions that were most common in this study population had lower aHRs (near or below 1.0). Patients with COVID-19 were less likely than were patients without to experience respiratory signs and symptoms, symptoms of mental conditions, muscle disorders, neurological conditions, anxiety and fear-related disorders, mood disorders, and sleeping disorders. COVID-19 prevention strategies, including vaccination for all eligible children and adolescents, are critical to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent illness, including post-COVID symptoms and conditions (9).
新冠病毒感染后（COVID-19 后）症状和疾病*是指在感染 SARS-CoV-2（导致 COVID-19 的病毒）后 4 周或更长时间出现的新的、反复出现的或持续存在的健康问题。先前的研究已经对成年人的 COVID-19 后疾病进行了特征描述和发病估计（1,2），但儿童和青少年的数据有限（3-8）。使用大型医疗索赔数据库，CDC 在 781419 名年龄在 0-17 岁的实验室确诊 COVID-19（COVID-19 患者）中评估了 9 种潜在的 COVID-19 后体征和症状（症状）和 15 种潜在的 COVID-19 后疾病，与 2344257 名未被确认 COVID-19 的美国儿童和青少年（COVID-19 患者）进行比较，这些患者没有被确认 COVID-19（COVID-19 患者）。研究期间为 2020 年 3 月 1 日至 2022 年 1 月 31 日。分析确定了 COVID-19 患者中几种发病率较高的症状和疾病（与未感染 COVID-19 的患者相比）。COVID-19 患者发病率最高的是急性肺栓塞（调整后发病率比 [aHR]为 2.01）、心肌炎和心肌病（1.99）、静脉血栓栓塞事件（1.87）、急性和未特指的肾衰竭（1.32）和 1 型糖尿病（1.23），所有这些疾病在该研究人群中都很少见或不常见。相反，在该研究人群中最常见的症状和疾病的 aHR 较低（接近或低于 1.0）。COVID-19 患者比未感染 COVID-19 的患者更不可能出现呼吸道症状和体征、精神疾病症状、肌肉疾病、神经系统疾病、焦虑和恐惧相关障碍、情绪障碍以及睡眠障碍。预防 COVID-19 的策略，包括所有符合条件的儿童和青少年接种疫苗，对于预防 SARS-CoV-2 感染和随后的疾病（包括 COVID-19 后症状和疾病）至关重要（9）。
