School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China.
School of Economics and Trade, Guangxi Vocational Normal University, Nanning 530007, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jul 28;19(15):9232. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159232.
In this paper, we firstly derive the optimal strategies, including greening technology investment, production volume and order quantity decisions with stochastic demand, for the emissions-dependent supply chain composed of one manufacturer and one retailer. Then, an advance purchase discount (APD) contract and an option contract are applied to coordinate the supply chain. Moreover, an innovative prepayment-based option (PBO) contract is designed based on an APD contract and an option contract. We discuss the cash flow, the inventory risk allocation and the impacts of carbon emission tax under each contract. It is found that considering improving cash flow, preselling (or option selling) as a means of supporting the manufacturer with sufficient cash flow will help expand production and invest in greening technology. From the perspective of avoiding inventory risk, the APD contract benefits the manufacturer while the option contract benefits the retailer. However, the PBO contract generates intermediate allocations of inventory risk between manufacturer and retailer.
在本文中，我们首先推导出了由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的依赖排放的供应链的最优策略，包括绿色技术投资、产量和订单数量决策以及随机需求。然后，应用提前购买折扣（APD）合同和期权合同对供应链进行协调。此外，基于 APD 合同和期权合同设计了一种创新的预付款期权（PBO）合同。我们讨论了每种合同下的现金流、库存风险分配和碳排放税的影响。研究结果表明，考虑到改善现金流，预售（或期权销售）作为一种为制造商提供充足现金流的手段，将有助于扩大生产和投资于绿色技术。从避免库存风险的角度来看，APD 合同有利于制造商，而期权合同有利于零售商。然而，PBO 合同在制造商和零售商之间产生了中间的库存风险分配。
